Cyperus odoratus L., Cyperaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Cyperus ferax Rich., Torulinium ferax (Rich.) Urb., Torulinium odoratum (L.) S. S. Hooper

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: pwukarimwarh

English: calingale, fragrant flatsedge, torulinium sedge

Fijian: malanga

Hawaiian: kili‘o‘opu, kiolohia, mau‘u pu‘uka‘a, pu‘uka‘a, pu‘uko‘a, pūko‘a

I-Kiribati: te ritanin, te titania

Kwara‘ae: fi‘i nini

Maori (Cook Islands): mauku totonga

Marshallese: bûkõr, bûkôr, ujoet

Palauan: kekus, keskus, torkl toi

Pukapukan: vayavaya

Samoan: selesele

Habit:  sedge

Description:  "Annual, or short-lived perennial under certain conditions; culms solitary or few together, erect, 30-100 cm tall, triquetrous, smooth, with a bulbose enlargement at base; leaves several, shorter than culm; blades linear, 4-10 mm broad, flattish, herbaceous, sheaths rather long, brownish or purplish brown; corymbs ample, compound to decompound, loose to subdense, 5-30 cm broad; rays 5-12, patent, the longer ones up to 20 cm long; raylets several to each secondary corymb, 0-3 cm long; spikes oblong-cylindric, 2-3 cm long, about 1.5 cm broad, bearing 20-40 spikelets; leafy bracts 6-8, patent, the lower ones surpassing the corymb, the lowest up to 50 cm long; spikelets spreading to reflexed, linear, subterete, 10-25 mm long, 1-1.5 mm broad, 10-20-flowered, yellow-green and yellowish brown at maturity; rachilla flexuous, winged, and the wings elliptic, first hyaline and eventually becoming more or less corky and tightly clasping nut; glumes ovate-elliptic, obtuse, 2-3.5 mm long, yellowish and red-brown-striate, the greenish obtuse costa 7-9-nerved; achenes oblong to oblong-obovate, 3-sided, 2/3 as long as glume, falling off tightly enveloped with rachilla-wings together with rachilla-internode and the next higher glume; style shorter than achene; stigmas 3; stamens 3"  (Smith, 1979; pp. 257-258.).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i (indigenous), "apparently rare in low elevation wet sites, such as margins of ponds and vernal pools, taro paddies, and along streams" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1434-1435). In Fiji (indigenous), "occurs from near sea level to 100 m and is often common in swamps" (Smith, 1970; pp. 169-170).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Indigenous to the West Indies, South America, Micronesia, Polynesia, and tropical Asia" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1434-1435).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Whistler 3451
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Whistler1305, Whistler 3314
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Aunu‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 163)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 163)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. curtispiculus
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus, var. curtispiculus, var. novae-hannoverae
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) Also var. odoratus
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 13)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll	native	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	native	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	native	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	native	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	native	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Sierra Negra	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Losap Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus, var. novae-hannoverae
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. novae-hannoverae
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 120 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. novae-hannoverae
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus, var. novae-hannoverae
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus, var. curtispiculus, var. novae-hannoverae
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 121) Vouchers cited: Kanehira 851 (NY), Glassman 2864 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus, var. novae-hannoverae
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus, var. novae-hannoverae
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) Also var. odoratus
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 257-258) Voucher cited: DA 12044
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 257-258) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 299, H.B.R. Parham 190, Meebold 17005, DA 774, Seemann 668
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 37)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 170)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) Also var. odoratus
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1434-1435, 1901)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1434-1435, 1901)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1434-1435, 1901) Voucher cited: Degener et al. 12566 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1434-1435, 1901)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1434-1435, 1901) Voucher cited: St. John 17992 (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tabiteuea Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68) var. attenuatus, var. novae-hannoverae
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 324) Voucher cited: Lane 57-141
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Fosberg 39465 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	native	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 3) "Common; in wetland and ruderal areas, one large patch just north of school".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 5) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 31172 (US), Fosberg 26482 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34014 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Namu Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 22)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Wotho (Wõtto) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Wotho (Wõtto) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34260 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33967 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68) var. odoratus, var. novae-hannoverae
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 2) Not observed on 2007 survey.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 5) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 33845 (US), Fosberg 27043 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 68) var. odoratus, var. novae-hannoverae
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	native	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 38)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy (year unknown)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) Also var. novae-hannoverae
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. odoratus
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67) var. curtispiculus, var. novae-hannoverae
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 67)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 45)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 62)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 45)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 45)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Comments:  Probably not native to the Galápagos Islands, possibly introduced, per Charles Darwin Research Station.

Additional information:  Additional online information about Cyperus odoratus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Cyperus odoratus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of the Gilbert Islands, Kiribati, checklist. Atoll Res. Bull. 295:1-33.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. Raymond. 1990. A review of the natural history of the Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 330. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 100 pp.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 40:1-69. .

Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. 1996. A botanical reconnaissance of the proposed Compact-impact road alignment on Babeldaob Island, Republic of Palau. U. of Guam Herbarium Cont. No. 32. 78 pp.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

St. John, Harold. 1960. Flora of Eniwetok Atoll. Pacific Science 14(4):313-336.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Thaman, R. R. 1987. Plants of Kiribati: a listing and analysis of vernacular names. Atoll Res. Bull. 296:1-42.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 0. Nancy Vander Velde, pers. com.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2006. Plants of Kili Island, Marshall Islands. Unpublished checklist. 12 pp.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2007. Arno plants [preliminary working listing of plant species]. Unpublished checklist, 13 pp.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Waterhouse, D. F. 1993. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 141 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1980. The vegetation of eastern Samoa. Allertonia 2:45-90.

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. The weeds of Manu‘a [unpublished checklist]. 18 pp.