Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Poaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Evaluate, score: 5 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Bontoc: babbalut

English: Australian couch, Bahama grass, balama grass, Bermuda grass, couch grass, devil's grass, devilgrass, grama, Indian doab, quick grass

Fijian: kabuta, kambuta

Filipino: kawad-kawaran

French: chiendent, chiendent dactyle, chiendent pied-de-poule, cynodon dactyle, grand chiendent, gros chiendent, herbe de couverture, herbes des Bermudes, pied de poule

Hawaiian: mānienie, mānienie haole

Ilocano: galud-galud

Japanese: gyogishiba

Maori (Cook Islands): matie ‘enua

Niuean: mosie molulu, motie molulu

Spanish: agraisa, barenillo, grama Bermuda, grama brava, grama común, grama dulce, grama rastera, gramilla, gramilla brava, gramilla Italiana, hierba fina, paja de la virgen, palo delgado, pasto Argentina, pasto Bermuda, pasto de gallina, pasto de las Bermudas, pasto inglés, pata de perdiz, pelo de conejo, zacate de aguijilla, zacate de Bermuda, zacate de conejo, zacate de gallina, zacate gallina

Tagalog: kulatai

Habit:  grass

Description:  "A short-lived, prostrate, fine-leaved perennial grass that spreads by strong, flat stolons and scaly rhizomes to form a dense turf; stolons root readily at the nodes; culms erect or ascending, 5 to 45 cm (rarely to 90 or even 130 cm) tall, wiry, smooth, sometimes reddish, leaf sheaths up to 15 mm long, shorter than internodes, smooth; ligule a conspicuous ring of white hairs; blades 2 to 16 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, smooth or hairy on upper surface; inflorescence of three to seven sometimes purplish spikes in one whorl, in a fingerlike arrangement (digitately), 3 to 10 cm long, or in robust forms spikes up to 10, sometimes in two whorls; spikelets 2 to 3 mm long, in two rows tightly appressed to one side of the rachis; lemma boat-shaped, acute with fringe of hairs on the keel, longer than the glume; seed (grain) very small, 1.5 mm long, oval, straw-colored to orange-red, free within the lemma and palea"  (Holm et al., 1977; p. 25).

"Creeping perennial [grass], rooting at the nodes either on the surface of the ground (stolons) or underground (white rhizomes); culms slightly flattened, prostrate or somewhat ascending or erect; inflorescence purplish, digitate; leaf-blades short, usually 3-10 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, the edges rough.  Spikes 2-6, often 5 or 4, 2.5-7 cm long.  Spikelets imbricate, sessile, up to 3 mm long.  Lemma longer than either glume" (Stone, 1970).

Habitat/ecology:  "It is a warm-season grass, makes little growth in cold weather.  It prospers in the sun and dies out as shade increases.  The species is adapted to a wide range of soils from sand to heavy clay, but it thrives best on a medium to heavy soil which is moist and well drained.  It will grow on either acid or alkaline soils and can survive under flood conditions or drought.  In the tropics, it is found in areas of 600 to 1,800 mm of annual rainfall, but it is also a weed of arid lands where it thrives along rivers and in irrigated areas.  It can withstand long dry periods but is unproductive on dry soils (Holm et al., 1977; p. 25). "Common at lower altitudes throughout the warmer regions of the world. Frequently used for lawns and pastures." (Wiggins & Porter, 1971). Will grow in very poor soil.  In drought, dies above ground but will regrow from rhizomes.  Prefers warm, moist conditions. 

In Hawai‘i, "cultivated and naturalized along roadsides and in exposed rocky or sandy sites, forming a solid mat where seepage may be present, 0-2,270 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999).  In Fiji, "widespread and common especially in dry areas of roadsides, riversides, and hillsides from sea level to 850 m.  Sometimes it forms dense mats on the upper parts of beaches and at edges of mangrove swamps"  (Smith, 1979).  In Tonga, "in lawns and grassy areas" (Yuncker, 1959).  In New Guinea, "a common roadside grass, and useful for lawns in regions of moderate rainfall, but a weed of cultivation and plantations, and sometimes invading pastures to the exclusion of more productive grasses. From sea level to at least 1800 m" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975). In New Caledonia, "introduit vers 1854 et vite répandu; maintenant abondant" (MacKee, 1994).

Propagation:  "Bermudagrass reproduces by seed production and through runners and rhizomes. Its growth and development are promoted by warm moist conditions. Bermudagrass can produce up to 230 seeds/panicle during the first three months after the initiation of seed set (Perez and Labrada 1985). Seeds germinate at temperatures above 20"C (Burton undated) and emergence takes place within the next two weeks, with tillering occurring after 25-30 days. The complete cycle (germination to seed production) is around four months (Perez and Labrada 1985). Plants that develop from rhizomes and from stolons have a similar pattern of growth (Perez et al. 1985). A single shoot from a rhizome may cover 2.5 square m of soil surface in 150 days after its emergence (Perez and Labrada 1985)"  (Ecoport).

Native range:  Old world, apparently originally from southern Europe, now common world-wide as a lawn and pasture grass.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 45)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 163)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Harris 336
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 123930) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3436, Bryan 946
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430390) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 34)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 163)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 419256) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	possibly native invasive abo. intro.	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 22) "This may be a native or an early introduction on the Islands as it occurs in pastures, lawns and on the roadsides". Vouchers cited: R.D. Hoogland 8702 (CANB), A.N. Rodd 1813 (K, NSW), L.M. Bingley 14 (K)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	possibly native invasive abo. intro.	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 12) "This may be a native or an early introduction on the Islands as it occurs in pastures, lawns and on the roadsides". Vouchers cited: R.D. Hoogland 6602 (CANB), M. Lazarides 8050 (CANB, K)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) Also var. parviglumis per Fosberg.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 2163 (US), Falanruw 2187 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 123946) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) Also var. parviglumis per Fosberg.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1961 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) Also var. parviglumis per Fosberg.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (p. 46) Var. parviglumis; vouchers cited: Raulerson 1135 (US, GUAM), Raulerson 1092 (US, GUAM)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Farallon de Medinilla (Marpi, Medinilla) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Farallon de Medinilla (Marpi, Medinilla) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) Also var. parviglumis per Fosberg.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Anderson 512 (US, BISH), Anderson 583 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L, P)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 637067) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 1000086) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) Also var. parviglumis per Fosberg.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) Also var. parviglumis per Fosberg.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 45-46) Var. parviglumis; vouchers cited: Hosaka 2920 (US, BISH, QLD, NY), Fosberg 25174 (US, BISH, POM, K, MO)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 572595) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Evans 2438 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) Also var. maritimus (HBK) Hack. per Fosberg.
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 123917) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 666509) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Sierra Negra	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Losap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 123942) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 126)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) Also var. parviglumis per Fosberg.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 45-46) Var. parviglumis; voucher cited: Kanehira & Hatusima 4348 (FU)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 309-310) Voucher cited: DA 5545
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 309-310)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Loma-i-Viti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 309-310)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 619100) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 309-310) Voucher cited: DA 8895
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 31587) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 309-310) Vouchers cited: DA 8752, DA 10458, DA 8839, DA 8864
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 309-310) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 1117
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 309-310) Vouchers cited: DA 8258, Smith 4736, DA 8190, DA 2099, DA 7975, Smith 9465, DA 8646, DA 7884, DA 7923, DA 8429, DA 2731, DA 3537, Gillespie 3575, DA 7476, DA 8595
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1942) (voucher ID: BISH 31586) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 123934) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 123935) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 123936) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 123937) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 697536) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000676) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 123908) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558051) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558052) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 332) Voucher cited: Grant 4872
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 662542) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 103)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643301) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	probably introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64913 (US, BISH)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 607778) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 103)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 332) Voucher cited: Moore 43
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 103)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 332) Voucher cited: Grant 3695
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 36) Vouchers cited: Sachet 1676 (US), Fosberg 63787 (US), Raynal 18019 (P)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 332) Voucher cited: Sachet 1974
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Sachet 1974 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 560398) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633774) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll		Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 26)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Sachet 2011 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Toau (Tovau) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642084) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuamotu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 552997) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 552811) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 194) Voucher cited: Stone 4081 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 123943) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 123945) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649559) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000151) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	French Frigate Shoals	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1520-1521)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Laysan Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Herbst, Derral R./Clayton, W. D. (1998) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Takeuchi & Imada 3251 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Pearl and Hermes Reef	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Malden Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 51622) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 16)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 602809) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 16)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 603067) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Degener & Hateway 21286
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 172)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 76) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-159 (BISH 697770)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697770) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 77)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 74)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 322) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24397, Fosberg 24292, St. John 26312
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 3) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24292 (US), Fosberg 24379 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 576855) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 3) "Common; grassy areas and fields, no flowers observed".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 81) Vouchers cited: Wagner 3383, Bergseng s.n., Fosberg 41378a, Herbst 8978, Whistler 11180
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 3) Voucher cited: Fosberg 26489 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 38843) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 527514) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36726 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 123947) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 49)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 68) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58625 (US), Hassall 270 (SUVA)
New Caledonia Îles Chesterfield	Îles Chesterfield	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Kusser in MacKee 34036
New Caledonia Récifs D'Entrecasteaux (D'Entrecasteaux Reefs)	Île Surprise	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Cherrier in MacKee 43872
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Vite répandue; maintenant abondante.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Cherrier in MacKee 43799
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Belep	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Vite répandue; maintenant abondante.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Belep	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Vite répandue; maintenant abondante.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58) Vouchers cited: Vieillard 1492, MacKee 34673 (forma robuste "Alicia grass")
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Vite répandue; maintenant abondante.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 510) "Usually coastal in sandy or gravelly places, in pasture, scrub, or on tracksides, often between dunes or in reclamation areas; also a weed of lawns, and in waste land, on roadsides or gutter crevices".
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 165)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 238) Vouchers cited: CHR 168763, CHR 168765, CHR 168766, CHR 168784, CHR 168811
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 49)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 54)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 22) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 10151 (BISH), Yuncker 10225 (BISH) "Common as a lawn grass and also along roadsides and in waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 41)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 95)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 85)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35) var. parviglumis per Fosberg.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 45-46) Var. parviglumis; vouchers cited: Hill 19 (US, BISH), Otobed PW-10129 (US), Hosaka 3327 (US, BISH, L)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 35)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 60)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce (1989) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Paulay, Spencer & Schuster 683 (US)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 641264) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1894) (voucher ID: BISH 123931) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 402173) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 506071) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 62)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘afeva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640418) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kotu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 440418) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 55) "Throughout Tonga"
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 98) Voucher cited: Soakai 993 (EI)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 52)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 98) Vouchers cited: Soakai 277, Soakai 358, Soakai 689, Soakai 735
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 55) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 634
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 55)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 61)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Baker Island	Baker Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 636994) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 52)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1520)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 8) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34931
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Sachet 873 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 3) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 34450 (US), Fosberg 34931 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 659982) Taxon name on voucher: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 49)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 172)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 112)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 112)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 112)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 112)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 510) "Usually coastal in sandy or gravelly places, in pasture, scrub, or on tracksides, often between dunes or in reclamation areas; also a weed of lawns, and in waste land, on roadsides or gutter crevices".
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 172)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 77)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 111)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 38)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 17)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 29-30)

Control: 

Physical:  "Small patches can be dug out but all rhizomes and stolons must be removed.  Solarization by plastic sheeting is used in sunny locations".

Chemical:  "Young plants are effectively controlled by applying paraquat, or glyphosate applied in spring or autumn when rhizomes are growing"  (Weber, 2003; p. 132).

Additional information:  The Nature Conservancy Stewardship Abstract.
Information from the Purdue University NewCROP web site.

Additional online information about Cynodon dactylon is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Cynodon dactylon may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 192. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 479 pp.

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 123945 (Thompson, J.B. 237).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 697536 (Gillespie, J.W.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1894. Voucher specimen #BISH 123931 (Reinecke 316).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 123943 (Nelson, P. 217).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 123937 (John W. Gillespie 3575).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 123908 (Mumford, E.P. 261).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 123917 (Wilder, G.P. 1056).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 123942 (Takamatsu, M. 215).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 636994 (A.F.Judd 104).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 123930 (Harris, W. 2385).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 619100 (St.John, H. 19748).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1942. Voucher specimen #BISH 31586 (Parham, B.E. 2731).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 123934 (Smith, A.C. 4736).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 402173 (Giffen 7).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 123946 (Kondo, Y.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 123935 (Smith, A.C. 9465).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 123936 (Smith, A.C. 9622).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 31587 (Koroiveibau, D. 8895).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 123947 (Fosberg, F.R. 36726).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 576855 (St.John, H. 26312).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 38843 (Fosberg, F.R. 41378a).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 51622 (Long, C.R. 3390).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 419256 (Whistler, W.A. W3300).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430390 (Whistler, W.A. W3436).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 440418 (G.Buelow 3248).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 558051 (Florence, J. 4167).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 558052 (Florence, J. 4167).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 602809 (Wester, L. 2061B).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640418 (Beulow, G. 3248).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 552811 (Florence, J. 6158).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 552997 (Florence, J. 5619).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 603067 (Wester, L. 2192).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649559 (Herbst, D.R. 7184).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000151 (Herbst, D.R. 7184).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 572595 (Raulerson, L. 6911).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 637067 (Herbst, D.R. 7261).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000086 (Herbst, D.R. 7261).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 506071 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1791).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 607778 (Fosberg, F.R. 64913).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 527514 (Herbst, D.R. 8978).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 560398 (Florence, J. 9074).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000676 (W.L.Wagner 6205).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 633774 (Florence 10110).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642084 (Florence 10241).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 666509 (Sykes, W.R. 467842B).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 641264 (Florence 10762).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643301 (Florence 11641).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 662542 (Florence 12076).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1994. Voucher specimen #BISH 659982 (Herbst, D.R. 9691).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697770 (C.Imada 2003-159).

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Cardenas, Juan/Reys, Carlos E./Doll, Jerry D./Pardo, Fernando. 1972. Tropical weeds; malezas tropicales, vol. 1. International Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 341 pp.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Clayton, W. D./Harman, K. T./Williamson, H. 2002. World Grass Species: Descriptions, Identification, and Information Retrieval (online resource).

Doty, Maxwell S. 1954. Floristic and Ecological Notes on Raroia Atoll, Tuamotus. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 33. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 41 pp.

EcoPort Foundation. 2006. EcoPort (on-line resource).

Edgar, E./Connor, H. 2000. Flora of New Zealand, vol. V: Gramineae. Manaaki Whenua Press. .

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Vegetation and flora of Wake Island. Atoll Research Bulletin 67. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 20 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Additional records of phanerogams from the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 68. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 9 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce. 1989. New collections and notes on the plants of Henderson, Pitcairn, Oeno, and Ducie Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 329. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 18 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1969. Wake Island vegetation and flora, 1961-1963. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 123. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1982. Micronesian Poaceae: Critical and distributional notes. Micronesica 18(2):45-102.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. 1994. Flora of the Phoenix Islands, central Pacific. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 393. 60 pp.

Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 2. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 137 pp. + plates.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. 1975. Weeds of New Guinea and their control. 2nd edition. Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Botany Bull. No. 7. Lae, Papua New Guinea. 180 pp.

Herbst, Derral R./Clayton, W. D. 1998. Notes on the grasses of Hawai‘i: new records, corrections, and name changes. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 55:17-38.

Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world’s worst weeds: distributi