Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb., Plantaginaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

English: coliseum ivy, ivy-leaf toadflax, Kenilworth ivy, pennywort

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Stems filiform, decumbent, sometimes rooting at the nodes, 3-6 dm long, glabrous or sometimes with a few scattered hairs on young parts.  Leaves alternate, reniform to semicircular, 12-55 mm long, 15-65 mm wide, 5-9-lobed, the lobes broadly deltate, rounded, usually mucronate.  Calyx 2-2.5 mm long; corolla violet, with a yellow palate, 9-15 mm long, spur 1.5-3 mm long.  Capsules ca. 4 mm in diameter.  Seeds black, broadly ellipsoid to globose, ca. 1 mm in diameter, with high ridges and usually a few tubercles"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1240).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "apparently very recently naturalized, first collected in 1986, and presently known only from 790-950 m, in a gulch east of Pi‘iholo Road, Olinda, East Maui" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1240).

Propagation:  Seed and rooting from nodes.

Native range:  "Native from the southern Alps to Italy" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1240).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 553)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1240) Vouchers cited: Hobdy 2549, Hobdy 2550 (BISH)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 1182) "Cultivation escape, on shady banks, walls, amongst rocks, mostly in the vicinity of buildings".

Additional information:
Additional online information about Cymbalaria muralis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Cymbalaria muralis as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Cymbalaria muralis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John. 2011. Naturalized species in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. Unpublished spreadsheet.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido. 2006. Nouveau catalogue de la flore vaculaire de l'archipel Juan Fernández (Chile) [Nuevo catálogo de la flora vacular del Archipélago Juan Fernández (Chile)]. Acta Bot. Gallica 153(4):399-587.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.