Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb., Plantaginaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Antirrhinum cymbalaria L.; Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: Kenilworth ivy, Oxford-ivy, coliseum ivy, ivy-leaf toadflax, mother-of-thousands, pennywort, wandering-sailor

French: ruine de Rome

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Stems filiform, decumbent, sometimes rooting at the nodes, 3-6 dm long, glabrous or sometimes with a few scattered hairs on young parts.  Leaves alternate, reniform to semicircular, 12-55 mm long, 15-65 mm wide, 5-9-lobed, the lobes broadly deltate, rounded, usually mucronate.  Calyx 2-2.5 mm long; corolla violet, with a yellow palate, 9-15 mm long, spur 1.5-3 mm long.  Capsules ca. 4 mm in diameter.  Seeds black, broadly ellipsoid to globose, ca. 1 mm in diameter, with high ridges and usually a few tubercles"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1240).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "apparently very recently naturalized, first collected in 1986, and presently known only from 790-950 m, in a gulch east of Pi‘iholo Road, Olinda, East Maui" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1240).

Propagation:  Seed and rooting from nodes.

Native range:  "Native from the southern Alps to Italy" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1240). Switzerland, Italy and the Balkans; cultivated and naturalized elsewhere (GRIN).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 553)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1240) Vouchers cited: Hobdy 2549, Hobdy 2550 (BISH)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 1182) "Cultivation escape, on shady banks, walls, amongst rocks, mostly in the vicinity of buildings".

Control:  If you know of control methods for Cymbalaria muralis, please let us know.