Cyclophyllum barbatum (G.Forst.) N.Halle & Florence, Rubiaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Evaluate; score: 1 (Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment for Cyclophyllum barbatum)

Other Latin names:  Canthium barbatum (G.Forst.) Seem.; Chiococca barbata Forst. f.; Cyclophyllum barbatum (Forst. f.) A.C. Smith and S.P. Darwin; Plectronia barbata (Forst. f.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Drake; Plectronia marquisensis F. Br.; Plectronia rapae Riley

Common name(s): [more details]

Samoan: ola?

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Slender tree to 10m, trunk to 20cm&?#8856;, with a topknot of short horizontal branches. LEAVES opposite, along branch in one plane to adjacent pairs at right angles (=decussate); wide-oval, to 9x5cm, glossy green with network of pale veins; edges smooth, base tapering, tip drawn-out and acute; stalk short, to 5mm. FLOWERS axillary, small cluster; each stalked, small, 7mm&?#8856;; petals 5 oval, white to cream. FRUITS tear-shaped tapering to base, to 15mm, ripen red; seeds 1-2." (Cook Islands Biodiversity Database)

"Shrub or small tree up to 6 m in height (up to 15 m in Fiji), with straight, spreading branches, glabrous stems, and broadly deltoid, attenuate-tipped interperiolar stipules up to 5 mm long. Leaves simple, opposite, blade coreaceous, elliptic to suborbicular, 5-14 cm long, acute to narrowly cuneate and shortly decurrent at the base, acute or acuminate to rounded at the tip; surfaces glabrous, upper side darker, lower side with conspicuous domatia in the axils of the secondary veins; margins entire; petiole 3-10 mm long. Inflorescence a several-flowered axillary fascicle, sessile or on a short branch up to 5 mm long. Calyx cup-shaped, 1-1.5 mm long, minutely 5-toothed, on a pedicel 4-12 mm long at anthesis (up to 2 cm long in fruit). Corolla salverform, white turning pale yellow, tube 4-7 mm long, densely hairy in the throat, limb of 5 (6?) spreading, ovate to lanceolate lobes 2.5-4 mm long. Ovary inferior; style as long as the tube, with a slightly exserted capitate stigma. Stamens as many as corolla lobes, epipetalous, with the anthers at the top of the throat. Fruit a red to orange, laterally compressed, obovoid drupe 9-13 mm long and nearly as wide. Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the year. ¶Distinguishable by its small tree habit; opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules; domatia in the axils of secondary veins of the underside of the leaves; axillary fascicles of small white flowers aging to yellow; and red to orang, 2-seeded, laterally compressed, obovoid fruit on a stalk up to 2 cm long." (Rainforest Trees of Samoa, p. 136)

Habitat/ecology:  "It is occasional to common in Samoa in coastal to foothill forest and in montane scrub on the three [sic] largest islands, Manono, and Apolima, reported from near sea level to 450 m elevation." (Rainforest Trees of Samoa, p. 136)

Propagation:  (no propagation information known by PIER)

Native range:  Caroline Islands; Solomon Islands; Markesas [sic] Islands; southern Cook Islands (Rarotonga and the Makatea Islands) (Cook Islands Biodiversity Database)

"This tree is indigenous to Samoa and ranges from Fiji to the Marquesas. Its eastern Polynesian range includes the Society Islands, Cook Islands, the Austral Islands, the Marquesas, the Tuamotus, Henderson Island, and Pitcairn Island. Its western Polynesian range also includes Tonga." (Rainforest Trees of Samoa, p. 136)

Impacts and invaded habitats:  (no invaded habitats or impacts known by PIER; please let us know if you know of such information we should add here)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Cook Islands Cook Islands	Cook Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fiji Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fiji Islands		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Thakaundrove Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
French Polynesia French Polynesia Islands	Austral Islands (Tuha'a Pae)	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
French Polynesia French Polynesia Islands	French Polynesia Islands		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Marquesas Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Society Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuamotu Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Pacific Oceania	Micronesia		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Henderson Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Henderson Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Samoa Samoa	Samoa	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Apolima Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Manono Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1984) (p. 136)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Pentecôte (Pentacost) Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
New Zealand New Zealand	North Island (NZ)		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)

Control:  If you know of control methods for Cyclophyllum barbatum, please let us know.