Crinum asiaticum L., Liliaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Low risk, score: -4 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: piga-palayi

Chuukese: giob, kiiyopw, kiop, kiopw, kiopw pwuniwal, kiyopw, kiyopw, kiyopw, mwootiw, püllai, pullai, siipw

English: Asiatic poisonbulb, crinum, false spider lily, giant crinum lily, grand crinum, poisonbulb, spider lily

Fijian: lautalotalo, viavia

I-Kiribati: te kiebu, te kiepu, te ruru, te ruru n aine

Kwara‘ae: afamanu, arakao

Marshallese: kieb, kiebe, kiep

Nauruan: dagibu, dagiebu

Niuean: lili

Palauan: bisecherad ra ngebard

Samoan: lau talotalo, lau talotalo, lautalotalo, lautalotalo

Tahitian: eriri

Tuvaluan: te luhe

Ulithian: giab, hiop

Woleaian: giop, giyob

Yapese: giobwutet, giop, guyab

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Herb, perennial, coarse, to 1.5 m high with a thick stem to 50 cm high, arising from a bulb.  Leaves simple, in a dense rosette atop the stem, blade sessile, linear-lanceolate, usually 60-130 x 10-15 cm, thick and somewhat fleshy, parallel veined, light green.  Flowers more or less continuously through the year; flowers 20 to 30 or more, fragrant, borne in an umbel atop a long, thick stalk and enclosed within two large bracts.  Corolla with fused tepals, funnel-shaped, the tube above the ovary 8-12 cm long, 4-7 mm in diameter, greenish, the limb of six spreading segments 6-12 x 0.7-1.5 cm, usually white, with six long, protruding stamens with red filaments.  Fruit a subglobose, fleshy, one- to three-seeded capsule"  (Whistler, 2000; p. 159).

"The Crinum commonly seen in Fiji is a coarse herb to 2 m high with a spurious stem to 50 cm high and 15 cm in diameter, bearing leaves and inflorescences in a crown at its apex; the leaves are often to 1 m long and 15 cm broad and with peduncle to 50 cm long, with 25-30 flowers. The perianth tube is greenish, the lobes white, the filaments rich purple at least distally, the anthers yellow, and the style rich purple; the fruit is yellow-green" (Smith, 1979; p. 157).

Habitat/ecology:  "The species is widely cultivated and also naturalized; in Fiji it is found on sandy beaches and other coastal areas and is a popular plant in villages. It will thrive at elevations of 800 m or more" (Smith, 1979; p. 157). On Pitcairn Island, "cliff and steep slopes" (Meyer, 2000; p. 103).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Southern Asia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 16) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3387, Bryan 929, Bryan 1365
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	probably native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 22) var. pedunculatum (R.Br.) Fosberg & Sachet. Vouchers cited: I.R.H. Telford 7051 & M.D. Crisp (CBG), R.D. Hoogland 8690 (NSW), I. Hutton 615 (K)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	probably native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 11) var. pedunculatum (R.Br.) Fosberg & Sachet. Vouchers cited: J.D. McComish 121 (K, NSW), 1902, J.H. Maiden & J.L. Boorman(NSW), W. Laing (CHR)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 18)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 18) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1696 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	introduced	Falanruw, M. V. C. (1989) (p. 8)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1977) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3087 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 18) Voucher cited: Falanruw 2239 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 64) Vouchers cited: CBM-BS-59137, CBM-BS-59169
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005) infraspecific: 'var. augustum'
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Etal (Ettan) Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 71)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Losap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 30) Vouchers cited: Marshall 36 (US), Marshall 105 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 71)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 40) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 270 (GUAM), Manner & Mallon 274 (GUAM), Manner & Mallon 285 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Ulalu (Romonum) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Eauripik Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Evans 363 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 112)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 112)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 112)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbengga Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 157) Voucher cited: Weiner 224
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ongea Ndriki Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 157) Voucher cited: Bryan 408
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 157) Vouchers cited: Smith 7671
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 157) Vouchers cited: DA 16895, Seemann 640
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 157) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 626A, Vaughan 3252, H.B.R. Parham 242, Greenwood 1051, DA 1301, Tothill 862
Fiji Fiji Islands	Wakaya Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 157) Voucher cited: Bryan 614
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 65)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 21)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 303) Voucher cited: H.M. Smith 2
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced cultivated	University of California (2006) Ornamental
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 25) Voucher cited: Sachet 984 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 303) Voucher cited: BRY 25374
French Polynesia Society Islands	Manuae (Scilly) Atoll (Society Islands)	introduced	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 25)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 65)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 303) Voucher cited: Grant 4320
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (pp. 63, 65)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll		Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 26)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 17) Crinum sp. aff. asiaticum L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 125) Voucher cited: Stone 4668 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawaiian Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1459) Occasional escape.
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	native	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 268) Var. sinicum Backer
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) Var. sinicum (Roxb. ex Herb.) Baker
Kiribati Banaba Island	Banaba (Ocean) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Kiribati Line Islands	Flint Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold/Fosberg, F. Raymond (1937) (p. 4) Voucher cited: St. John & Fosberg 17452 (BISH)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 19)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 19)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 19)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 172) Voucher cited: Luomala 4
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Manra (Sydney) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 29) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54874 (US), Bryan 45 Persisting in old village sites.
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Nikumaroro (Gardner) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Fosberg 55769 (US, BISH) Persisting in old village sites.
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Long 1998 Persisting in old village sites.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Moul, Edwin T. (1957) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Moul 8304 (US)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R. (1988) (p. 11)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: St. John (BISH), Fosberg 26749 (US), Fosberg 26780 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 2) "Possible aboriginal introduction. Uncommon as an ornamental around a few houses".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 103)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Rongelap (Roñlap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Wotho (Wõtto) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) Var. procerum (Carey) Bak.; voucher cited: Fosberg 34278 (US) Persisting from cultivation.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) Var. procerum (Carey) Bak.; voucher cited: Fosberg 33956 (US) Persisting from cultivation.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 1)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 27001 (US); var. procerum (Carey) Bak., voucher cited: 33820 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 21)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) Var. procerum (Carey) Bak.; voucher cited: Fosberg 33686 (US) Persisting from cultivation.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 56) Vouchers cited: Thaman & Manner 122 (SUVA), Hassall 216 (SUVA)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	native	Renevier, Alain/Cherrier, Jean-Francois (1991) (p. 14)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 218) Voucher cited: CHR 169977
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 34) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9962 (BISH) "Ingtroduced ornamental. Frequent near dwellings and occasional along roadsides as an escape".
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 101-102)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 103)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 27) Observed in cultivation, 1934.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 60)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 81) "Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental throughout Tonga".
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 81) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 399
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Woodroffe 135 (CHR)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced cultivated	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 54)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 20)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 38)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced cultivated	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 13)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Additional information:  Additional online information about Crinum asiaticum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Crinum asiaticum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 192. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 479 pp.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Doty, Maxwell S. 1954. Floristic and Ecological Notes on Raroia Atoll, Tuamotus. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 33. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 41 pp.

Falanruw, M. V. C. 1989. Vegetation of Asuncion, a volcanic northern Mariana Island. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bull. PSW-28. USDA Forest Service. 11 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1988. Vegetation of Bikini Atoll. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 315:1-28.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. 1969. A collection of plants from Fais, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 133. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1977. Additional records of vascular plants from the northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica 13: 27-31.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. 1994. Flora of the Phoenix Islands, central Pacific. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 393. 60 pp.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Luomala, Katharine. 1951. Plants of Canton Island, Phoenix Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 20(11):157-174.

Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.

Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 189. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 53 pp + photos.

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