Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., Asteraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk; score: 4.5+second screening Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment for Coreopsis tinctoria)

Other Latin names:  Calliopsis cardaminifolia DC.; Coreopsis cardaminifolia (DC.) Nutt.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: annual coreopsis, calliopsis, garden tickseed, golden tickseed, goldenwave, painted tickseed, plains coreopsis

Habit:  herb

Description:  "A slender, 1-2 ft. annual with pinnately-compound foliage, tickseed is known for its small but abundant yellow flowers, painted maroon near the center. Numerous smooth, slightly angled branches bearing showy, daisy-like flower heads with yellow rays surrounding a reddish-purple central disk. The yellow petals are notch-tipped. Flower heads occur on long stalks from the multi-branching stems." (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center)

"Annuals, (10-)30-70(-150+) cm. Leaves: proximal blades usually 1(-3)-pinnate, terminal lobes lance-ovate tooblanceolate, 10-60 &mult; 5-25 mm; cauline blades usually 1-2(-3)-pinnate, rarely simple, simple blades or terminal lobes lance-linear to linear or filiform, 10-45 &mult; 0.5-2(-5+) mm. Peduncles 1-5(-15+) cm. Calyculi of deltate-lanceolate bractlets 1-3+ mm. Phyllaries ± lance-oblong to lance-ovate, 4-7(-9) mm. Ray laminae usually yellow with red-brownblotch, sometimes red-brown in proximal 1/3-9/10 and distally yellow, rarely yellow throughout, 12-18+ mm. Disc corollas 2.5-3+ mm. Cypselae 1.5-3(-4+) mm, wings 0 or 0.1-0.7+ mm wide; pappi 0, or of 1-2 cusps or subulatescales 0.1-1+ mm. 2n = 24 (+ 0-2 Bs)." (JSTOR Global Plants)

Habitat/ecology:  Habitat: "Moist low ground [60]. Roadsides and waste places[244]. Moist, sandy or clay soils, sometimes alkaline flats, prairies, ditches, disturbed places at elevations of 20 - 1,500 metres [270]." Cultivation details: "Succeeds in ordinary garden soil [1]. Prefers a fertile well-drained moisture retentive medium soil [111, 200]. Does well in sandy soils [188]. Requires a sunny position [111, 200]. Established plants are drought resistant [1]. A good bee plant [200]." (Useful Tropical Plants) In USA, "[i]t is widespread in the West and the South in disturbed areas, such as moist ditches." "Native Habitat: Prairie, Plains, Meadows, Pastures, Savannahs, Roadsides, pond banks" in the "Plains of c. U.S." (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center)

Altitudinal range: "(0-)20-1500(-2000) m" (JSTOR Global Plants)

In cultivation: "Growing Conditions ¶Water Use: High ¶Light Requirement: Sun , Part Shade ¶Soil Moisture: Moist CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium ¶Soil Description: Prefers moist, sandy soil. ¶Conditions Comments: Coreopsis tinctoria produces showy masses of red-highlighted yellow flowers. It does well in wildflower meadows and predominates in wet years. Though considered an annual, it may bloom two to three years before dying." (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center)

Propagation:  In cultivation: "Propagation Material: Clump Division , Seeds ¶Description: Seeds may be sown outside in late fall or the following spring without any cold treatment. Seedlings grow rapidly. This plant can be increased by separating outer rosettes from the clump in the fall. ¶Seed Collection: Nutlets are mature and ready for collection about four weeks after the flowers wither. Watch the inner series of bracts; when they begin to darken, it is time to collect. Remove chaff and store in sealed, refrigerated containers. Storage life is at least three years. ¶Seed Treatment: Seeds of this genus generally germinate without pretreatment. Several studies have indicated that light increases germination. From this observation, we suggest not covering the soil. ¶Commercially Avail: yes ¶Maintenance: Since C. tinctoria is an annual, be sure to allow the seed to mature completely before mowing or collecting seed to plant in a new area. Again, it is essential it is allowed to reseed for an abundant display the following year." (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center)

Native range:  Coreopsis tinctoria is native to Canada, the United States, and Mexico. (GRIN)

Impacts and invaded habitats:  In USA, "[t]his prevailingly western annual has escaped from cultivation in the East." "This species is widely cultivated as an ornamental and is escaping." (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawaiian Islands	introduced	Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center (year unknown) accessed 20180701, "Waif - an ephemeral introduction, not persistently naturalized"
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	extirpated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 64) "This North American annual, a popular garden plant in temperate countries, was not seen in 1965." (Sykes, 1970, p. 54), presumably included here because of a reference to this species on Niue in Yuncker 1940 (or similar) -PT@PhilipT.com/20171206
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 271) Coreopsis tinctoria included as an "[o]rnamental species noted in cultivation"
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive cultivated	U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown) "naturalized"; ref. cited 20171201
Japan Japan	Japan	introduced invasive cultivated	U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown) "naturalized"; ref. cited 20171201
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	cultivated	JSTOR Global Plants (year unknown) accessed 20180430
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown) "naturalized"; ref. cited 20171201

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive cultivated	U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown) "adventive"; ref. cited 20171201
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Canada Canada	Canada	native invasive cultivated	U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown) native to some areas of Canada, but also "naturalized" (PIER ed.: presumably in non-native areas); ref. cited 20171201
Canada Canada	Canada	cultivated	JSTOR Global Plants (year unknown) accessed 20180430
Canada Canada	Canada	native	Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center (year unknown)
Europe Europe	Europe	introduced invasive cultivated	U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown) "naturalized" and/or "adventive" in several countries; ref. cited 20171201
South America South America	Argentina	introduced invasive cultivated	U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown) "naturalized"; ref. cited 20171201
United States of America United States	United States	introduced invasive cultivated	U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown) "naturalized" (PIER ed.: presumably in non-native areas); ref. cited 20171201
United States of America United States	United States	cultivated	JSTOR Global Plants (year unknown) accessed 20180430
United States of America United States	United States (central)	native cultivated	Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center (year unknown) accessed 20180701, "This prevailingly western annual has escaped from cultivation in the East." "Plains of c. U.S."

Comments:  Coreopsis tinctoria is cultivated as an ornamental. It is reported as having naturalized in China, Japan, New Zealand, several European countries, Argentina, and (presumably in non-native areas in) Canada and the United States. It is reported as being adventitious in Mauritius and in several European countries. (GRIN)

"Coreopsis tinctoria is widely grown in public and residential gardens, and commercially (for cut flowers), and has become widely established in the flora area [PIER ed.: Flora of North America]. As here circumscribed, Coreopsis tinctoria includes plants that others (without agreement among themselves) have treated as distinct species or infraspecific taxa: C. atkinsoniana (plants mostly 50-150+ cm, seldom branched frombases; cypselae 2.5-3 mm, 'narrowly' winged; pappi 0.1-0.2 mm; mostly Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington), C. cardaminefolia (plants mostly 20-50 cm, seldom branched at bases; cypselae 2 mm, 'narrowly to widely' winged; papp&nbnsp; 0 or 0.1–0.2 mm; mostly Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas), and C. tinctoria var. similis (plants mostly 10-30 cm, usually branched from bases; cypselae 2-3 mm, “widely” winged; pappi 0.2-1 mm; Texas and Mexico)." (JSTOR Global Plants)

"Because of its showiness, the flower is cultivated extensively. . . ." (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center)

Control:  If you know of control methods for Coreopsis tinctoria, please let us know.