Commelina diffusa Burm.f., Commelinaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 23 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: semprebiban-damalong

Chinese: jie jie cao

English: climbing dayflower, dayflower, spreading dayflower, wandering Jew, watergrass

Fijian: ai rogorogo, ai rongorongo, ai rorongi, cobulabula, drano, duludauwere, kabocola, kabocola, luna, matembulambula, ndrano, ndulundauwere, rongomatailevu, rorogo, tho nggalonggalo, thombulambula, wa cobocola

Hawaiian: honohono, honohono wai, mākolokolo

Ifugao: bangar-na-lalake

Iloko: kolasi

Japanese: shima-tsuyu-kusa

Kwara‘ae: ongi ongi bala

Mangarevan: pori ruaine

Maori (Cook Islands): mauku ‘oro‘enua, mauku puakatoro, mauku vai

Pohnpeian: rehsopw

Rotuman: saurangi

Samoan: mau‘u toga, mau‘u toga, mau‘u Tonga, mau‘u Tonga, ma‘u‘u toga

Spanish: carutillo, chiriyuyo, cohitre, empanadilla, flor de Santa Lucia, siempreviva, suelda

Tagalog: alikbangon

Tahitian: ma‘apape

Tongan: kaningi, mohuku vai, musie matala pulu

Yapese: fanu

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Creeping herb producing short erect branches; leaves suboblong, up to 8 cm long and 4 cm wide, glabrous; spathe boat-shaped, to nearly 4 cm long; flowers bright blue, or rarely white" (Stone, 1970)."Annual herbs with fibrous root system; stems at first erect, later decumbent, rooting at the nodes, up to 4 dm long, glabrous or nearly so.  Leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 3.5-11 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide, upper surface glabrous to sparsely scabrous, lower surface glabrous, apex acute to acuminate, base rounded to cuneate, sheath 1-2 cm long, ciliate on the upper edge (hairs translucent or whitish), otherwise glabrous to sparsely puberulent.  Hypogeous flowers not present, spathes 1.5-2 cm long, margins not connate at base, gradually tapering to the acute or obtuse apex, peduncles usually exserted from spathe; petals blue, the upper 2 reniform, the lower one smaller, ca 6 mm long, saccate.  Seeds 5, the surface raised-reticulate"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1379).

Habitat/ecology:  "Terrestrial or occasionally on large limbs of trees with Tillandsia and cryptogamic epiphytes, often in deep shade of trees and large shrubs, on shaded cliffs, and under overhanging ledges; in some areas a common weed around cultivated fields" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 793-794). "Forms carpet in pastures and natural areas, displacing grasses in pastures and native plants in humid forests and wetlands"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

In Hawai‘i, "often forming a conspicuous part of ground cover in mesic valleys to disturbed mesic and wet forest and other disturbed sites, 5-1,220 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1379).  In Fiji, "from near sea level to 600 m in wet places in forest and in the open, on sunny stream banks, along trails, in cleared areas and in damp pastures, and along roadsides"  (Smith, 1979; p. 280). In Papua New Guinea "A weed of gardens, cultivated fields, pastures and plantations, particularly on poorly-drained soil in open sunny situations"  (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 25).  Moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 230).  In Tonga, "a weed in plantations and waste areas" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 77).

Propagation:  Seed, rooting from nodes and pieces.

Native range:  Tropical Asia extending eastward into Polynesia, including Hawai‘i. Whether or not it is an early introduction to the Pacific appears to be an open question. Whistler (1988; p. 41) states that it is an aboriginal introduction to Western Polynesia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Garber 1088
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Garber 1088 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 49)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1925) (voucher ID: BISH 109716) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 37098) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9273
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9273 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 109719) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 16) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3428, Diefenderfer 11
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430389) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. Field notes)
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 40, 41) "L’herbacée rampante Commelina diffusa, introduite comme ornementale à Hanga Roa où elle s’est naturalisée, ainsi qu’à Vinapu selon Zizka (1991), citée comme « peu commun en zone humide » (Lefeuvre et al., 2005 : page 48), est abondamment naturalisée à la CONAF et localisée dans quelques zones de cultures autour du village, pouvant poser un problème potentiel" (Meyer, 2008; p. 40).
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 74)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 10203) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 79)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 85)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 91)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 97)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 66)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 109709) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 665178) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Fernandina Group	Fernandina Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Alcedo, Isabela Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Cerro Azul, Isabela Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Pinta Group	Pinta Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Pinzón Group	Pinzón Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. 28)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 7) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 97)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (pp. 39-40) Vouchers cited: E. Albert 49 (NY, PTBG), A. Dores 58 (NY, BISH, PTBG), E. Eperiam 37 (NY), M. Takamatsu 786 (BISH) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 109731) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 46341) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 97)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 97)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Oneata Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 280-281) Voucher cited: Bryan 487
Fiji Fiji Islands	Oneata Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 109727) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Oneata Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 699255) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 628337) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 628341) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 638022) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 280-281) Vouchers cited: Seemann 642, DA 8932
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 33968) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 280-281) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 672, DA 8870, DA 14324
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 280-281) Vouchers cited: Degener 14997, Greenwood 325A, Smith 4463, DA 8641, DA 8441, DA 11091, DA 9569, DA 11178, Weiner 145, DA 5658, Tothill 906
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 33967) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1941) (voucher ID: BISH 109723) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1944) (voucher ID: BISH 109724) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 109725) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 109726) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 448437) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 448442) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 448543) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 10) Vouchers cited: Agassiz 96 (GH), St. John 14477 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 10) Voucher cited: St. John 14770 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: D.H. Lorence, W.L. Wagner, J. Florence, Y. Séchan & S. Bishop 6164 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 6352) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39350) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 4102 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39492) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1960) (voucher ID: PTBG 8817) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 311)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11700 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 417337) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643397) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 20) Vouchers cited: RAynal 17863, Gillette 1 (US), Gillette 5 (US), Fosberg 64953 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 607764) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 614434) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 311)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	University of California (2006) "Weedy species, but probably an aboriginal introduction. Commonly grows with taro because of its preference for wet habitats".
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2136 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 22370) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 607468) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 311)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 3684 (PAP), P. Morat 6946 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 311)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 607467) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 311) Voucher cited: BRY 26037
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 3153 (PAP), J. Florence 3932 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492818) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 558167) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2984 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 554453) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5690 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553324) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6277 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5572 (PAP), J. Florence 6110 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 551101) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 104) Voucher cited: G.E.S. 115
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 97)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 109734) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 436430) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1379)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1379)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1379)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1379)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1379)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1379)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 35) Rare or extirpated.
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	probably native	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 30) Voucher cited: Montrouzier s.n.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	probably native invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 30) Vouchers cited: Madame Leenhardt 478, Schmid 2530 Spontané
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	probably native invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 30) Vouchers cited: Cook s.n. (BM), Védel s.n., MacGillivray 13, Balansa 1369, Grunow s.n. (W), MacKee 2454, MacKee 28584, MacKee 29951 Spontané
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 224) Voucher cited: CHR 168856
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 41)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (pp. 31-32) Voucher cited: Yuncker 10082 (BISH) "Forming mats on moist soil along roads and in waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 49)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 97)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 432241) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 97)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 94) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm. f.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 53) Voucher: Lorence 9774 (PTBG, BNM, NY)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 66) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 78) In gardens, about houses and at roadsides, in cleared places; everywhere common. Prefers dampness.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 25) Throughout New Guinea, from low altitudes to over 1500 m.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 60)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 26) Voucher cited: St. John 15037
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce (1989) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Paulay, Spencer & Schuster 691 (US)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10801 (PAP) Adventice
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 642810) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Nu‘utele Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 427961) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 100405) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 66)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28561) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28610) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 109722) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Mikira (San Cristobal) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 109728) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 90)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 59)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 77) "Probably growing on all islands of the group".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 52)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 77) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15202, Hürlmann 319
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 109721) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 83) Voucher cited: Crosby 257
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 77) Voucher cited: Yuncker 16041
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 109720) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa Burm.f.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1379)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 25)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 41)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 232)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Hafliger, E. (1092) (p. 103)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 302) In moist places.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 232)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 95)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 95)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 234)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 232)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 234)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 28) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 232)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	Ching-I Peng, ed. (2011) "In waste places from 0-1100 m throughout the island".
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 64, 76)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 23) Previously reported as Commelina benghalensis?
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Rivers, Julie (2004) (pp. 1, 6)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 7697) Taxon name on voucher: Commelina diffusa
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 118)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52118 (US)

Control: 

Chemical:  "Sensitive to hormone type herbicides.  HAVO staff controlled honohono with foliar applications of triclopyr ester at 1%"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).

Additional online information about Commelina diffusa is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Commelina diffusa as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Commelina diffusa may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM94(Blackburn 227).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 109734 (Thompson, J.B. 115).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 109727 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 487).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 699255 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 487).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1925. Voucher specimen #BISH 109716 (Garber, D.W. 1088).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 109709 (Wilder, G.P. 708).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 109722 (Christophersen, E. 226).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1932. Voucher specimen #BISH 109728 (Brass, L.J. 2805).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 109731 (Takamatsu, M. 786).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 628337 (St.John, H. 19294).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 628341 (St.John, H. 19060).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 109719 (Yuncker, T.G. 9273).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1941. Voucher specimen #BISH 109723 (Degener, O. 14997).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1944. Voucher specimen #BISH 109724 (Greenwood, W. 325A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 109726 (Smith, A.C. 4463).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 109725 (Greenwood, W. 1299).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 109720 (Yuncker, T.G. 16041).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 109721 (Yuncker, T.G. 15202).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 33968 (Koroiveibau, D. 8932).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 33967 (Ledua, M.K. 11178).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 436430 (Whiting, M.G. C17).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 10203 (Krauss, N.L.H. 466).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 22370 (Smith, H.M. 122).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28561 (Bristol, M.L. 2029).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28610 (Bristol, M.L. 2078).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 448442 (Weiner, M.A. MW-71-F-98).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 448543 (Weiner, M.A. MW-71-F-125).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 100405 (Whistler, W.A. W 116).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 448437 (Weiner, M.A. MW-72-F-145).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 417337 (Baré, D. 63).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430389 (Whistler, W.A. W 3428).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 427961 (Whistler, W.A. W 4127).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 432241 (Stemmermann, R.L. 3345).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492818 (Florence, J. 3932).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 554453 (Florence, J. 2984).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 607467 (Fosberg, F.R. 63534).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 607468 (Fosberg, F.R. 63638A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 665178 (Sykes, W.R. 399893).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 551101 (Florence, J. 6110).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553324 (Florence, J. 5690).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 558167 (Florence, J. 4501).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 607764 (Fosberg, F.R. 64953).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 614434 (Gillette, J. 5).

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