Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Araceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: suni

Chuukese: eot, oat, óni, oot, sawa, wodj, woot, woot, yoot

English: cocoyam, dasheen, eddo, elephant's-ear, madumbe, taro

Fijian: dalo, mba, mboka, mbotiki, ndalo, ndoko, nggau, rourou, soli, suli, sulo, votuki

French: arouille carri, colocasie, songe

Hawaiian: kalo

I-Kiribati: te taororo

Kwara‘ae: alo, tiko

Maori (Cook Islands): māmio, taro, wāwā

Marshallese: jibabwãi, katak, kõtak, kotāk

Nauruan: de taro

Niuean: talo

Palauan: bisupsal, dait, kukau

Pohnpeian: sawa

Pukapukan: wāwā

Samoan: talo, talo, talo Niue

Satawalese: wot omalu

Spanish: alcocaz, malanga, tayoba

Tahitian: taro

Tongan: talo, taro

Tongarevan (spoken): talo

Tongarevan (written): taro

Ulithian: ioth

Woleaian: uot, woot

Yapese: mal, uot, wot

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Acaulescent herbs up to 1 m tall. Leaf blades glaucescent on lowe3r surface, ovate-cordate to sagittate-cordate, peltate, 25-45 cm long, 12-32 cm wide, anterior lobe 3-4 times longer than posterior lobes, posterior lobes connate 1/3-3/4 their length, venation dark purple to yellow on lower surface, green on upper surface, primary lateral veins 3-8 per side, petioles terete, sheathed in basal 1/2, 40-180 cm long, green, green splotched with purple, or purple, fading to pink near base. Inflorescences 2-7 together, peduncles 15-50 cm long; spathe linear-lanceolate, (10-) 15-40 cm long, constricted 4-6 cm from base to form a greenish, oblong tube, the limb deflexed, yellowish; spadix exserted, 1/4-1/3 as long as spathe, 6-14 cm long, pistillate portion up to 2.5 cm long, sterile staminate portion constricted, 1.5-5 cm long, fertile staminate portion 2-4 cm long, with a shorter and narrower sterile appendage. Berries ellipsoid, 3-5 mm in diameter. Seeds ovoid, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 0.7-1 mm wide" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1357).

Habitat/ecology:  "Riparian habitats, marshes.  Vegetative growth leads to dense populations and its large leaves shade out native vegetation.  Extensive stands of this herb alter the vegetational structure and dynamics of riparian plant communities. Growth seems to be best in the silty soils lining the river-banks" (Weber, 2003; p. 114).

In Hawai‘i, "found persisting outside of cultivation" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1357).

Propagation:  "The plant spreads vegetatively, and plants in the introduced range rarely produce inflorescences.  Rhizome fragments are easily carried by streams, and floods can dislodge bud-laden rhizomes from the banks"  (Weber, 2003; p. 114).

Native range:  Thought to be native to India (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1357).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 16) Vouchers cited: Bryan 1364, Diefenderfer s.n.
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 204)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 21) "Naturalised from cultivation here and there". Vouchers cited: J. Pickard 3335 (NSW), A.N. Rodd 1436 & J. Pickard (NSW)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced cultivated	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 11) "Cultivated". Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 442 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 662(CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 848 (CHR)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 17-18) Voucher cited: Anderson 413 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91) ?
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 17-18) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31376 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59040
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Nassau Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Etal (Ettan) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	East Fayu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Losap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nama Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (pp. 77-78)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 29)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pulusuk Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 38) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 307 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Ulalu (Romonum) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Eauripik Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 112)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Evans 385 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46863 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native cultivated abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 456-457) Vouchers cited: Barrau 573, DA 815
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 19)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 307) Voucher cited: Moore 351
French Polynesia Society Islands	Manuae (Scilly) Atoll (Society Islands)	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 307) Voucher cited: Grant 4633
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 38) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Sachet 54644 (US); "not seen in 1982"
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 16)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	probably introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 120)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) Var. aquatilis (Hassk.) Kitam. ex M.Hotta
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 18)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91) ?
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tabiteuea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jabat (Jebat) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 2) "Uncommon; a few small plantings by houses, in Bikini Projects camp; some plants seemingly growing without cultivation into wetland area just north of school".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 104)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34013 (US) Persisting in taro pits.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Namu Atoll		Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. ii) Voucher cited: Anderson 3637
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 2)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Aur Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 26)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 40-41) Voucher cited: Thaman & Manner 27825
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Balansa s.n., MacKee 40312
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 77) "Damp to wet waste land".
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 156)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 222) Voucher cited: CHR 169957
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (pp. 28-30) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9985 (BISH)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 25) Voucher cited: Fosberg & R. Clark 11307
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 59)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 75-76) "Throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Ellison, Joanna C. (1990) (p. 29) On outlier islets of Pangaimotu, Oneata and Ata
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 10)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 94)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 77) "Damp to wet waste land".

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 110) Garden escape.
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Cultivé/naturalisé"

Comments:  Escaped from cultivation and naturalized on Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; p. 786).

Control: 

Physical:  Pull or dig out.

Chemical:  Spray with herbicide.

Additional information:  Additional online information about Colocasia esculenta is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Colocasia esculenta may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Ellison, Joanna C. 1990. Vegetation and floristics of the Tongatapu outliers. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 332. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 36 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1969. Plants of Satawal Island, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 132. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 13 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. 1969. A collection of plants from Fais, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 133. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

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