Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, Cucurbitaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

Reject, score: 9 (Go to the risk assessment (Australia))
High risk, score: 21 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific))

Other Latin names:  Bryonia grandis L.; Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: hong gua

English: ivy gourd, scarlet gourd, scarlet-fruited gourd, tindora

Hindi: kundru

Marshallese: kiuri awia

Pohnpeian: aipikohrd

Tongan: kiukamapa ‘ae ‘initia

Habit:  vine

Description:  "Dioecious perennial herbaceous vine.  Stems mostly glabrous, produced annually from a tuberous rootstock; tendrils simple, axillary.  Leaves alternate, simple, blade broadly ovate, 5-lobed, 5-9 x 4-9 cm, acute and mucronate at the apex, cordate with a broad sinus at the base; surfaces glabrous or scaly, with 3-8 glands near the base; margins denticulate; petiole 1-5 cm long. Inflorescence usually of solitary, axillary flowers.  Calyx of 5 subulate, recurved lobes 2-5 mm long on the hypanthium; peduncle 1-5 cm long.  Corolla campanulate, white, 3-4.5 cm long, deeply divided into 5 ovate lobes.  Stamens 3, present as staminodes in female flowers.  Ovary inferior.  Fruit a smooth, bright red, ovoid to ellipsoid berry 2.5-6 cm long" (Whistler, 1995; p. 65).

Habitat/ecology:  Smothering vine, very aggressive, with extensive tuberous root system.  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and rapidly spreading in disturbed sites, 0-100 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 569-570).  In Fiji, "a naturalized weed of waste places, canefields, roadsides, etc., near sea level, perhaps originally intentionally introduced; a sprawling or creeping vine" (Smith, 1981; p. 677). In Australia, "C. grandis appears climatically suited to the monsoon zone of northern Australia, tropical and sub-tropical humid zones of coastal Queensland and northern New South Wales.  It could invade dry rainforests of the monsoon zone, tropcal and sub-tropical rainforests and riparian vegetation.  It climbs over shrubs and trees, forming a dense, sun-blocking canopy."  (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; pp. 34-35).

Propagation:  Pieces of vines or cuttings, bird-dispersed seeds, probable dispersal by feral pigs. On Guam, only one sex of the plant is present (male), so spread is entirely by roots, pieces, and cuttings. The shoot tips are used in Asian cooking, so long-range dispersal is often the result of introduction by humans.

Native range:  Africa, India and Asia. The infestation on Saipan was probably introduced from Thailand.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 101)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (pp. 3, 9)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90) "Potential invader"
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (pp. 3, 10) Horticultural variety?
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 82) Invasive species.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 677) Voucher cited: DA 17043
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 677) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 825, Greenwood 825A, DA 14363, DA 9693, DA 16706, Webster & Hildreth 14394
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 14694) Taxon name on voucher: Coccinia cordifolia
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 33014) Taxon name on voucher: Coccinia cordifolia
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 663600) Taxon name on voucher: Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 95)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (pp. 3, 9)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 49)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 569-571)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank (2007) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H100638 (BISH, PTBG). "Control efforts have begun and it can hopefully be eradicated".
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (1999) (pp. 11-13) East Maui. Voucher cited: Starr & Martz 980127-12 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, R. T. (2000) (p. 4) West Maui. Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H89913 (BISH), Oppenheimer H89917 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 569-571) Voucher cited: Lau 1929 (BISH)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 87)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9) Single plant on Alaoa Road across from Robert Lewis Stevenson estate. Voucher: Flynn 6968 (PTBG, BISH, US, SAMOA)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 304) Taxon name on voucher: Coccinia grandis
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 43782) Taxon name on voucher: Coccinia grandis
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 6)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 6)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-6) Voucher cited: Starr & Starr 080601-01
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2010) (p. 63) Voucher cited: Starr & Starr 080601-01 (BISH). Subject of an eradication program.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633234) Taxon name on voucher: Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1998) (voucher ID: BISH 690631) Taxon name on voucher: Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 60)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (pp. 34-35)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 105)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 27) Naturalised
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Comments:  Very aggressive weed on Guam and Saipan, in many places smothering the forest.  Introduced to Pohnpei but is supposed to be a horticultural, non-spreading variety (Space & Falanruw, 1999).

On the State of Hawai‘i noxious weed list.

Control: 

Physical: Cutting has little effect.

Chemical: A single application of herbicide (Garlon®) may be insufficient to prevent regrowth. Roundup® is only effective against young plants. Because of its climbing habit, use of foliar herbicides is difficult without causing damage to the underlying vegetation.

"Susceptible to basal bark applications of 2,4-D or triclopyr, however finding basal stems difficult in dense stands. Foliar applications of 2,4-D, glyphosate or metsulfuron ineffective; triclopyr and dicamba, each at 1 lb/acre provided excellent knockdown of foliage. This suggests knockdown of foliage followed by basal stem treatments when the plants begin to re-sprout may be successful. Seeds do not exhibit dormancy so ivy gourd may be eradicable from a defined area" (Motooka et al., 2003).

"The Maui Invasive Species Committee has been working to control ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) for several years. Our current control method is as follows:  The female plants produce fruits in a laundry-line succession.  We follow the vines, collecting any fruit, which we then dehydrate and burn.  We avoid other physical control because grubbing or hand-pulling breaks it up into multiple plantlets which resprout.  We then do a basal bark treatment using 100% Garlon 4 (triclopyr) with 1% blue dye, applying herbicide to adventitious root nodes.  We leave treated plants in place.  In areas of dense cover, we may first do a foliar spray using 2-4% Garlon 4 with a surfactant and blue dye, and then return to treat after the cover has died back" (Teya Penniman, communications to the Aliens listserver).

Biological: "To control this weed, three natural enemies, Melittia oedipus Oberthur (Sessidae), Acythopeus cocciniae O'Brien and Pakaluk (Curculionidae) and Acythopeus burkhartorum O'Brien and Pakaluk (Curculionidae) were introduced to the Hawaiian Islands from East Africa. These natural enemies are being cultured at the Quarantine Laboratory in Guam" (Muniappan and Nandwani, 2002; p. 15).

"Three insect biological control agents collected in Kenya have been introduced into Hawai'i to combat the exotic weed ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis). The clearwing moth, Melittia oedipus, was released in 1996. The larvae of this moth bore into the mature vines and roots of ivy gourd. It is now established in Hawai'i. Two additional agents, which belong to a group known as the African melon weevils, were released in 1999. The first, Acylhopeus burkhartorum, forms galls on young shoots. The second, Acylhopeus cocciniae, mines ivy gourd leaves"  (Smith et al., 2002; p. 8).

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Report (PDF format) from US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Hawaii "Plants of Hawaii".
Additional information and a 1-pagecolor-illustrated flyer (PDF format) are available on the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) web site.
Warning poster for Coccinia grandis on Pohnpei.
Information from the Global Invasive Species Database.

Additional online information about Coccinia grandis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Coccinia grandis as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Coccinia grandis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 14694 (Koroiveibau, D. 9693).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 33014 (Koroiveibau, D. 16706).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 663600 (Gardner, R.O. 454157).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 633234 (E.J.Funk Wake 3).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1998. Voucher specimen #BISH 690631 (D.R.Herbst 9852).

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. 208 pp.

Englberger, Konrad. 2009. Invasive weeds of Pohnpei: A guide for identification and public awareness. Conservation Society of Pohnpei. 29 pp.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Ching, Lincoln/Nagai, Guy. 2002. Herbicidal Weed Control Methods for Pasture and Natural Areas of Hawaii. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i. CTAHR free publication WC-8.

Muniappan, R./Nandwani, D. 2002. Survey of arthropod pests and invasive weeds in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Publication #1, College of the Marshall Islands.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2002. Voucher specimen #PTBG304(Tim Flynn 6968).

Oppenheimer, Hank. 2007. New plant records from Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i for 2006. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 96:17-34.

Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, R. T. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

Orapa, Warea. 2005. Warea Orapa, Weed Mangement Officer, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, pers. com. (Trip Report, Solomon Islands, 19 April to 10 May, 2005).

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 37:1-69. .

Smith, Albert C. 1981. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 2. 810 pp.

Smith, Clifford W./ Denslow, Julie/ Hight, Stephen. 2002. Proceedings of workshop on biological control of native ecosystems in Hawai‘i. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany) Technical Report 129. 122 pages.

Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie. 1999. Observations on invasive plant species in Micronesia. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. Report to the Pacific Islands Committee, Council of Western State Foresters. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 32 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 83 pp.

Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. 1999. New plant records from East Maui for 1998. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1998. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 59:11-15.

Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd. 2008. Botanical survey of Midway Atoll. Prepared for: United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 27 pp. plus appendices.

Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. 2010. New plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2008. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 107:61-68.

Thaman, R. R./Tuiwawa, M. 1999. Invasive, potentially invasive and adventive alien plant species of Fiji: a preliminary analysis of their status and measures required for their control. Preliminary draft discussion paper prepared for the SPREP Regional Invasive Species Strategy for the South Pacific Islands Region: Regional Workshop, Nadi, Fiji, 26 September-1 October 1999.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 93 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1991. The ethnobotany of Tonga: The plants, their Tongan names, and their uses. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Botany 2. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 155 pp. ISBN 0-930897-57-9.

Whistler, W. A. 1995. Wayside Plants of the Islands. Isle Botanica, Honolulu. 202 pp.

Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).