Clerodendrum speciosissimum Van Geert ex C. Morren, Lamiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 7 (risk assessment for "Clerondendrum buchananii"* (*based primarily on references to Clerode)

Other Latin names:  Clerodendrum blumeanum Schauer; Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax (Roxburgh) Walpers; Clerodendrum fallax Lindl.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: gulalen

Chuukese: apwii

English: Java glorybower, pagoda-flower, red clerodendrum, scarlet clerodendrum

Kwara‘ae: kakafae meo, kinilio

Maori (Cook Islands): pītate māma‘o, rākau tupopoku

Niuean: lauma pelu, talufe

Palauan: but a cherechar, butcherechár, butecherechar

Samoan: lau mamoi

Satawalese: abui, aubui vilifu

Tongan: ‘amo‘ula, amo'ula, kava, kava kula

Yapese: mooy

Habit:  shrub

Description:  As Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax: "Shrub or subshrub to 4 m high, often spreading by runners, the branchlets medullose or hollow and sulcate when dry, densely short-pubescent; leaves opposite, the petioles to 21 cm long, densely pubescent, the blades broadly ovate to ovate-rotund, 7-20 (-35) x 6-17 (-26) cm, deeply cordate at base, abruptly acute to short-acuminate at apex, entire to irregularly repand-denticulate at margin, usually pubescent above and copiously so beneath; inflorescences terminal, paniculate, loosely many-flowered, to 45 x 25 cm, often conspicuously bracteate, the branches bright red, the flowers showy; calyx campanulate, bright red, 3-5 (-9) mm long, 5-lobed, the lobes 1-3 mm long, acute, corolla hypocrateriform, red to vermilion, the tube slender, to 2.5 cm long, the limb spreading to 3 cm, the lobes obovate, to 15 x 10 mm, stamens and style bright red, exserted about 3 cm beyond corolla throat; fruit bright red or scarlet, turning purplish or black when mature, deeply 4-lobed, to 7 x 10 mm." (Flora Vitiensis nova, vol. 5, pp. 211-212).

"According to Moldenke (op. cit.: 287), C[lerodendrum]. buchananii closely resembles C. speciosissimum C. Morren and it has been confused with it by many authors. The main distinctions are the different sizes of the floral parts: calyx 3–5 mm long in C. buchananii versus 7–12 mm long in C. speciosissimum; corolla tube 5–6-times as long as the calyx in the first versus 3–4-times as long as the calyx in the second; corolla lobes 7–10 × 4–5 mm, stamens 2–2.5 cm long and style 3–4 cm long in C. buchananii versus corolla lobes 10–25 × 10 mm long, stamens 4–6 cm long and style 6–7 cm long in C. speciosissimum. After Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. (Fl. Java 2: 610 (1965), the calyx in C. buchananii is 5–8 mm long and has appressed lobes at most 1.5 mm wide, while in C. speciosissimum the calyx is 8–10 mm long and has erect-patent lobes, 2.5–3.5 mm wide. . . . A revision of these two taxa is perhaps necessary." (Flora Zambesiaca)

(See also: A Tropical Garden Flora, p. 559)

Habitat/ecology:  Dry to moist disturbed areas at low elevations. Cultivated as an ornamental.  Weedy in plantations and disturbed areas. ¶In Fiji, "frequently cultivated near sea level and is also naturalized, sometimes locally commonly, on the edges of cultivated areas, in clearings, and in coconut plantations"  (Smith, 1991; pp. 211-212). In Tonga, "occasional in open, waste areas" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 233). In New Caledonia, "peu cultivé; assez répandu en végétation secondaire à basse altitude" (MacKee, 1994; p. 138).

In cultivation: "Very adaptable; will grow almost anywhere in Hawai'i except in extreme salt conditions; grows best in rich, well-watered, well-drained soil; requires constant moisture. . . . Blooms in full sun or partial shade." (Tropical Shrubs, p. 188)

Propagation:  "Pagoda flower forms large clumps as the original plant suckers from its roots; these suckers are the easiest means of propagation. Roots broken off underground continue to produce suckers for years. Birds may also spread the glossy, blackish fruit, and C. buchananii is potentially invasive. Seed, cuttings, layering, and division of old plants are also successful means of propagation." (A Tropical Garden Flora, p. 560)

Native range:  Malesia and eastward to the Society Islands, widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized. Fosberg et al. (1979; p. 234) list this species as native to Micronesia while Stone (1970; p. 505) lists it as a cultivated introduction to Guam.  Yuncker (1959; p. 233) gives the native range as "Java to Fiji and eastward to the Society Islands". Indonesia (Java); widely cultivated in tropic & warm-temperate regions (GRIN).

"In Malaysia and Indonesia, the native habitat...." (Tropical Shrubs, p. 188)

Impacts and invaded habitats:  On Ta'u (American Samoa): ". . .sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, but occasionally weedy in plantations and disturbed areas." (Botanical Inventory of Ta'u Unit, p. 62)

Cultivated as an ornamental.  Weedy in plantations and disturbed areas. ¶In Fiji, "frequently cultivated near sea level and is also naturalized, sometimes locally commonly, on the edges of cultivated areas, in clearings, and in coconut plantations"  (Smith, 1991; pp. 211-212).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9494
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 60) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9494 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 187016) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Whistler 3339
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 49)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 37079) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp. var. var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Garber 699, Yuncker 9059
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 62) Vouchers cited: Garber 699; Yuncker 9059; Whistler 1295, 7904 (p. 63). ". . .sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, but occasionally weedy in plantations and disturbed areas." (p. 62)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 60) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9059 (BISH), Garber 699 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 187015) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1922) (voucher ID: BISH 187017) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	probably introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 213) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3256 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 58)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane (2000) (p. Voucher specimen) Voucher: BMW 5809 (BISH, BRI, GUAM)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 652422) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2000) (voucher ID: BISH 687764) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxburgh) Walpers
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2000) (voucher ID: BISH 687765) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxburgh) Walpers
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1966) (voucher ID: PTBG 22221) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 58)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Saipan	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Saipan	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 652421) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 81992) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 79)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 85)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 186953) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 186954) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 57) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 213 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 100) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 37722) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp. var. var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46712 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Evans 46889 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Tomil Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 652789) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 187135) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax (Lindley) Bakhuizen
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 187136) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax (Lindley) Bakhuizen
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 187137) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax (Lindley) Bakhuizen
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 490207) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax (Lindley) Bakhuizen
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 211-212) Voucher cited: Smith 188
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 187051) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 211-212) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 933
Fiji Fiji Islands	Oneata Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 211-212) Voucher cited: Bryan 484
Fiji Fiji Islands	Oneata Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 187048) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 211-212) Voucher cited: Smith 7474
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 187050) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 211-212) Voucher cited: Gillespie 4712
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 187049) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 211-212) Voucher cited: DA 16825
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 33652) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 211-212) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 11, DA 12342, DA 6064
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1961) (voucher ID: BISH 33653) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Fosberg 11003 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 22) Voucher cited: St. John 14826 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 4424 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11557 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2673 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 4040 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5732 (PAP), J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11424 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553658) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5994 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 505)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1945) (voucher ID: BISH 187090) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 652337) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 652420) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 652424) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax (Lindley) Bakhuizen
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1978) (voucher ID: PTBG 22152) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1966) (voucher ID: PTBG 22222) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Parker, James L./Parsons, Bobby (2010) (p. 43) Voucher cited: J. Parker & R. McGuire BIED17 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawaiian Islands	introduced cultivated	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral/Imada, Clyde T. (2000) (p. 31)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawaiian Islands	introduced cultivated	Clay, Horace F./Hubbard, James C (1977) (p. 188) "Grown from seeds or cuttings." (cultiv.)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2006) (p. 41) East Maui. Voucher cited: Starr & Starr 040518-1 (BISH), Flynn 257 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1319) Garden escape.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Frohlich, Danielle/Lau, Alex (2007) (p. 11) Voucher cited: A. Lau & D. Frohlich s.n. (BISH 725944)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (pp. 130-131) Adventive.
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 138) Voucher cited: MacKee 19447
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 138) Voucher cited: Sarasin 783 (Z)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 138) Vouchers cited: Sarasin 516 (Z), Franc 926
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 90)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 100) "Potential invader".
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 138) Vouchers cited: de Pompéry s.n. s.loc., Sarasin s.n. (Z), MacKee 99839
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 213) Vouchers cited: CHR 169873, CHR 169874; "In many places it seems to be adventive, and it seems that Niue comes into this category because no plants were seen far away from tracks and plantations." (Sykes, 1970, p. 213)
Niue Niue	Niue Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 39) In western Polynesia (not specifically this island): "sometimes cultivated as an ornamental" & "occasionally weedy in plantations and disturbed areas"
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 26) Voucher: Flynn 6696 (PTBG, US, NIUE)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 49)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 102) Rarely planted. Voucher cited: Yuncker 9799 (BISH) "Occasional in thickets and waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 30196) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walpers
Palau Kayangel Atoll	Kayangel Islet	introduced invasive	Miles, Joel (2015) (p. 2) ref cites other taxa as "Cultivated," but not this one, so implication is that this taxon was found in a non-cultivated situation (PT@PhilipT.com/20170602)
Palau Kayangel Atoll	Kayangel Islet		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 652791) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 652842) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 84)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 20)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 646452) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax (Lindley) Bakhuizen
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 689881) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax (Lindley) Bakhuizen
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 20) Voucher: Lorence 9783 (PTBG, BNM, NY, TAMU, US)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 76) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendron buchanani (Roxb.) Walpers var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2010) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Lorence 8180 (PTBG)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 28560) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp. var. fallax (Lindl.) Backh.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 652843) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1967) (voucher ID: BNM 825) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum Van Geert.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1967) (voucher ID: PTBG 22307) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngercheu Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngercheu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92) Carp Resort
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngercheu Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 20) Carp Resort
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 652844) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ulebsechel Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Aulupse‘el (Ulebsechel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Aulupse‘el (Ulebsechel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngchelobel Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngeanges Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngeanges Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 652790) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngeanges Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1946) (voucher ID: PTBG 22459) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngerchong Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 20)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngerchong Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (2005) (voucher ID: BNM 1020) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngeremdiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngidech Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngidech Island	native	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ulong (Aulong) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Urukthapel (Ngeruktabel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 234)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Urukthapel (Ngeruktabel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Urukthapel (Ngeruktabel) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 661582) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum speciosissimum van Geert
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Urukthapel (Ngeruktabel) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1950) (voucher ID: PTBG 22778) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchananii
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (pp. 481-483) Common; one of the first volunteers on uncultivated plantation land, also at bush margins and in open parts of the secondary forest.
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 63)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Samoa Samoa	Samoa	cultivated	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 39) In western Polynesia (not specifically this island): "sometimes cultivated as an ornamental" & "occasionally weedy in plantations and disturbed areas"
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 69)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 187019) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 66)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1904) (voucher ID: BISH 187014) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 187018) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 187020) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 418053) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Mikira (San Cristobal) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 187062) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Ndeni (Santa Cruz) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 79295) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendron buchanani (Roxb.) Walpers
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Santa Isabel (Bughotu) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 187063) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 58)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 90)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 72)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	cultivated	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 39) In western Polynesia (not specifically this island): "sometimes cultivated as an ornamental" & "occasionally weedy in plantations and disturbed areas"
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Sherley, Greg (ed.) (2000) (p. 106) cited as a "potential" invader (which seems to imply that the species is non-native/introduced)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 59)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 80) Voucher cited: Soakai 400
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	native	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 233) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15352
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 186974) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 80) Vouchers cited: Ilolahai 160, Soakai 263
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 65)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	native	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 233) Voucher cited: Yuncker 16127
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 186973) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Malakula (Malekula) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 628516) Taxon name on voucher: Clerodendrum buchanani var. fallax (Lindl.) Bakh.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	Clay, Horace F./Hubbard, James C (1977) (p. 188) "Grown from seeds or cuttings." (cultiv.)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	Clay, Horace F./Hubbard, James C (1977) (p. 188) "Grown from seeds or cuttings." (cultiv.)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 27) Cultivated only

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Comments:  "Roots broken off underground continue to produce suckers for years. Birds may also spread the glossy, blackish fruit, and C. buchananii is potentially invasive. Seed, cuttings, layering, and division of old plants are also successful means of propagation." (A Tropical Garden Flora, p. 560)

Control:  If you know of control methods for Clerodendrum speciosissimum, please let us know.