Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

Fertile plants: High risk, score: 9 (Go to the risk assessment)
'Sunshine' cultivar: Low risk, score: -8 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Andropogon zizanioides (L.) Urb.; Phalaris zizanioides L.; Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash

Common name(s): [more details]

Bikol: móra, rimóras

Cebuano: amóora, giron, móra, móras, rimódas, tres-móras

Chinese: xiang gen cao

English: cuscus grass, khus-khus, vetiver grass

Fijian: mulimuli

French: chiendent odorant, vétiver

Hindi: garara, khas khas

Iloko: amóras

Maori (Cook Islands): a‘i, mauku a‘i

Pampangan: anías de móras, ílib

Spanish: raíz de móras, zacate violeta

Tagalog: móras, móro

Tongan: ahi siaina

Habit:  grass

Description: 

The listings below do not differentiate between plantings of sterile cultivars or fertile varieties unless specified in the literature.

"Perennial, the culms stout, up to 3 m high; leaf blades narrow, glabrous, 30-90 cm long, 5-12 mm broad, tapering at length to a fine point, the margins scabrous; panicle usually contracted, 22-37 cm long, the branches whorled, fragile, jointed, ascending, appressed, 5-7.5 cm long; spikelets paired, about 4 mm long, similar, one sessile, one stalked, falling entire at maturity, 2-flowered, the upper floret of sessile spikelet alone perfect, the others either female or sterile, the glumes with minute, prickly, wart-like projections, the glume of stalked spikelet almost smooth"  (Smith, 1979; p. 377).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  In Fiji, "cultivated in gardens but is also escaped and naturalized, occurring along roadsides and contour lines. ...it may be considered a roadside weed" (Smith, 1979; p. 377). In New Caledonia, "largement dispersé à présent, surtout en bords de routes" (MacKee, 1994; p. 63).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Southeastern Asia to tropical Africa" (Smith, 1979; p. 377).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 353) Taxon name on voucher: Vetiveria zizanioides
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 377) Voucher cited: Tothill
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 377) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 228, DA 8206, DA 8273, DA 8565, Degener 15013, DA 7984, DA 7874, DA 7466, DA 452, DA 2502, DA 6087,, DA 7485, DA 7542
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 41417) Taxon name on voucher: Chrysopogon zizanioides L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 44725) Taxon name on voucher: Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Nash
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 41280) Taxon name on voucher: Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Nash
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 348) Vouchers cited: Moore 528, Grant 5364
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) As Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 63) Voucher cited: Le Rat 230
Palau Palau (main island group)	Palau Islands (main island group)	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 63)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced cultivated	Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 190)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 49) As Andropogon zizanioides (Linn.) Urban. Planted about rice-paddy banks, often abundant.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (2004) (1) Vai'e'e penisula, in sandy beach area, August 1991; (2) next to a house at Lona, Fagaloa, August 1972.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 53-54) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15728
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 53-54) "Occasional throughout Tonga"
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 53-54) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15660
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 53-54) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15216
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 28)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Commonly cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 193) As Vetiveria zizanoides Nash
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 26) Cultivated only
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Commonly cultivated.
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Robertson 2734

Additional information:
Additional online information about Chrysopogon zizanioides is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Chrysopogon zizanioides as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Chrysopogon zizanioides may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Henty, E. E. 1969. A manual of the grasses of New Guinea. Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Botany Bull. No. 1. Lae, New Guinea. 215 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1925. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 1 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 463 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2002. Voucher specimen #PTBG353(Tim Flynn 7020).

Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. 1983. Vegetation of Frégate Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands: The plants, their Maori names, and their uses. Allertonia 5(4):347-424.

Whistler, W. A. 1991. The ethnobotany of Tonga: The plants, their Tongan names, and their uses. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Botany 2. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 155 pp. ISBN 0-930897-57-9.

Whistler, W. A. 2004. Communications to Pacific Pestnet listserver 23 Feb. 2004.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).