Chloris barbata (L.) Sw., Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 13 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Chloris inflata Link; Chloris paraguayensis Steud.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: meng ren cao

English: airport grass, feather finger grass, fingergrass, pea-cock plumegrass, plush grass, purpletop chloris, swollen fingergrass, swollen windmill grass

Hawaiian: mau‘u lei

I-Kiribati: te uteute, te utiuti

Pohnpeian: rehkihs

Spanish: zacate borrego

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Tufted annual [grass] up to 90 cm tall; culms and sheaths strongly compressed; blades long and lax, 10-30 cm long and up to 6 mm wide.  Nodes often purplish, as are the basal sheaths.  Ligule membranaceous, jagged.  Spikes 2-11, usually 10, fertile lemma obovate, about 3 mm long, slightly hairy on the keel, long-hairy on the upper margins, awned, the awn about 4-6 mm long.  Two rudimentary lemmas borne beyond the fertile lemma, these also awned"  (Stone, 1970; p. 195).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  Aggressive invader of degraded land that out-competes native species (Smith, 2002; p. 72).  Abandoned fields and roadsides, particularly in dryer areas.  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in dry, disturbed areas such as along roadsides and in vacant lots and pastures, 0-550 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1514).  In Fiji, "occurs from sea level to about 30 m in open sunny places where earth is compacted"  (Smith, 1979; p. 311).  "Common in dry, coastal areas" (Whistler, 1988; p. 48). In Guam, "abandoned fields, roadsides, vacant lots, particularly in dryer areas; abundant" (Stone, 1970). In New Caledonia, "très commun en bords de routes et terrains vagues" (MacKee, 1994; p. 58). In Australia, "a variety of habitats, particularly disturbed areas and roadsides; also levee banks, creek lines and gardens" (Smith, 2002; p. 72).

Propagation:  "Seed is dispersed short distance by wind and water, also as a contaminant of hay and by animals".

Native range:  Central and South America or perhaps of the East Indies; widespread through introductions.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 48)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34828) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 44)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Whistler 3600
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430393) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 10395) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 33)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 123700) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1923) (voucher ID: BISH 123701) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 123702) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 123703) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 123704) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 2162 (US), Falanruw 2192 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 665381) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 64) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59215
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1634 (US), Evans 2449 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 401433) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 667796) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 7)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Bonham 33 (US, Fo), Moore 415 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 588361) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 588362) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 123721) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 123722) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 572580) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1772 (US), Evans 2437 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 401432) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) Collected in survey, herbarium record pending.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Baltra Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Mosquera Islet, Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 26)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Flynn 6077 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 55) Vouchers cited: T.W. Flynn 6230 (K, PTBG), F.R. Fosberg 58480 (BISH), P. Raynor 162 (NY, PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438256) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 24405) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata Sw.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 43815) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 123713) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 311) Vouchers cited: DA 8838, DA 14305
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 31572) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 311) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 1213, DA 8309,DA 9128, DA 10832, DA 5823, DA 8117, DA 7158, DA 7159, DA 7160, DA 8335, DA 9167, DA 1892, DA 9093
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 31573) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1951) (voucher ID: BISH 123706) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Totegegie Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 6945 (PAP), D.H. Lorence & W.L. Wagner 6075 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 542885) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 6596) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 42493) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 27257) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata Swartz
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Chloris inflata J.H. Link. Voucher cited: J. Florence 12062 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 663570) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris inflata Link
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Chloris inflata J.H.F. Link. Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11705 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643635) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 98)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 331) Vouchers cited: BRY 26439, BRY 26684
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10381 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 644308) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 331) Vouchers cited: Florence 2514, Florence 2262, BRY 25996
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Chloris inflata J.H.F. Link. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2262 (PAP), J. Florence 2514 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491716) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492089) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 38268) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris inflata Link
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 98)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J.-C. Jolinon 1218 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 664028) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Hao (Hau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie (2008) (p. 16) As Chloris inflata. Adventice d'introduction européene.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 195) Voucher cited: Stone 4083 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 23032) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 123720) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 507495) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649446) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000149) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris inflata Link
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1514)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Herbst, Derral R./Clayton, W. D. (1998) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Bryan 733 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1514)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1514)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2001) (p. 10) Previously reported, not observed in this survey.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1514)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau, Lehua Islet	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 25) Vouchers cited: K.R. Wood et al. 11350 (BISH, PTBG, US), K.R. Wood et al. 9222 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1514)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1514)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1514)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1514)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (pp. 36-37) Vouchers cited: Degener & Hateway 21251, Luomala 40
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 172) Voucher cited: Luomala 40
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (pp. 36-37) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54787 (US, HAW, K)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 123735) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 322) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24407, St. John 23784, St. John 23782
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 3) Voucher cited: Fosberg 24407 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 123731) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 123732) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 123733) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 583833) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 583834) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 3) "Uncommon; sporatic distribution in fields and ruderal areas, widespread but no extensive patches observed".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 80) Vouchers cited: Jones s.n. (1946), Fosberg 26522 (1946, Bigej), Fosberg 31187, Fosberg 31202 (1950, Bigej), Whistler 21244 Presently rare.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 3) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26522 (US), Fosberg 31202 (US), Fosberg 31187 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 123734) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 49) Rare
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 123736) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 123738) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 3) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0516200912
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 68) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58519 (US), Scully 151N (US?), Swarbrick 9549 (BRIU), Thaman & Manner 40 (SUVA)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Rudérale très commune.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58)
New Caledonia Matthew Island	Île Matthew	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Suprin in MacKee 45313
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Belep	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Rudérale très commune.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Belep	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Rudérale très commune.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Guillaumin & Baumann 9922
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 654837) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 654877) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) New Guinea Island	New Guinea Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 84)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 48) Voucher cited: Krause 1592
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 40)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 20) Voucher: Lorence 9738 (PTBG, BNM, NY)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 30) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 84)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 650464) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 428556) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1977) (voucher ID: BNM 10010) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris inflata Link
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 20)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588757) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3122) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris inflata Link
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 80)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 34)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 123715) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	invasive	Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 50) Widespread weed of roadsides and waste land, at low altitudes.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 84) A common weed in and about towns.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 69)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 66)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 418031) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 402175) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 416642) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 509117) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata (L.) Sw.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 57)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 48) Voucher cited: Whistler 5814
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 51)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced invasive	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 52)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1514)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-6)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 16)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 8) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34928
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Sachet 895 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 3) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34928 (US)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 27)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 48)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 72)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 72)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 84)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 329)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 192)
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 84)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 47)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 26) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. plate)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 64)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 109)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 38)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 17)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 24)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 43852) Taxon name on voucher: Chloris barbata
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 84)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 57) Voucher cited: Robertson 2739

Comments:  "It apparently hybridizes with Lepturus repens to produce a plant called Lepturopetium marshallense" (Whistler & Steele, 1999; p. 80).

Additional information:
Additional online information about Chloris barbata is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Chloris barbata as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Chloris barbata may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 192. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 479 pp.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1977. Voucher specimen #BNM10010(Otobed, D.O. PW-10010).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3122(Timberlake, J. 3122).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 123702 (Eames, A.J. T 17).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1923. Voucher specimen #BISH 123701 (Wilder, G.P. 21).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 123703 (Garber, D.W. 801).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 123700 (Christophersen, E. 980).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 123704 (Yuncker, T.G. 9356).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 123722 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3020).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 123734 (Jones, L.K.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 123735 (Taylor, W.R. 46-1500).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 123736 (Fosberg, F.R. 26930).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 31573 (collector unknown 5823).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 123713 (Lessa, W.A. 67).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 402175 (Giffen 4).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 123731 (St.John, H. 23784).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 123732 (St.John, H. 23782).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 123733 (St.John, H. 23782).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 123715 (Fosberg, F.R. 31952).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 123720 (Fosberg, F.R. 31223).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 123721 (Fosberg, F.R. 31287).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 123738 (Fosberg, F.R. 31193).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1951. Voucher specimen #BISH 123706 (Greenwood, W. 1213).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 31572 (Parham, J.W. 8838).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588757 (Fosberg, F.R. 47606).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 588361 (Evans, M. 1953).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 588362 (Evans, M. 1922).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 23032 (Torres, V.P. 16).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 401432 (Evans, M. 2437).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 401433 (Evans, M. 2449).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 418031 (Whistler, W.A. W2071).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 583833 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1680).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 583834 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1679A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430393 (Whistler, W.A. W3600).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 416642 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1448).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 428556 (Otobed, D.O. PW-10010).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438256 (Fosberg, F.R. 58480).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 507495 (Raulerson, L. 1154).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491716 (Florence, J. 2514).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492089 (Florence, J. 2262).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649446 (Herbst, D.R. 7187).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000149 (Herbst, D.R. 7187).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 542885 (Florence, J. 6945).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 665381 (Herbst, D.R. 7314).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 667796 (Herbst, D.R. 7480).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 509117 (Krauss, N.H. 3038).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 572580 (Raulerson, L. 13105).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 664028 (Jolinon, J.C. 1218).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 644308 (Florence 10381).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643635 (Florence 11705).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 654837 (Koyama, H. 8319).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 654877 (Koyama, H. 8027).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 663570 (Florence 12062).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 650464 (Victor, S. LR26377).

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France. 2010. Les espéces envahissantes en outre-mer (online resource).

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Vegetation and flora of Wake Island. Atoll Research Bulletin 67. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 20 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1969. Wake Island vegetation and flora, 1961-1963. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 123. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. 1994. Flora of the Phoenix Islands, central Pacific. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 393. 60 pp.

Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401.

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 1. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 142 pp. + plates.

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 2. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 137 pp. + plates.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Henty, E. E. 1969. A manual of the grasses of New Guinea. Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Botany Bull. No. 1. Lae, New Guinea. 215 pp.

Herbst, Derral R./Clayton, W. D. 1998. Notes on the grasses of Hawai‘i: new records, corrections, and name changes. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 55:17-38.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. 2002. Invasive/weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Invasive species and their management. Micronesica Suppl. 6:61-65.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 26 pp.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

Luomala, Katharine. 1951. Plants of Canton Island, Phoenix Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 20(11):157-174.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

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