Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp., Euphorbiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Euphorbia hirta L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Austral: titania, titona api

Bicolano: soro-soro

Bontoc: teta

Cebuano: gatas-gatas

Chamorro: golondrina

Chuukese: likotokoot

English: asthma plant, garden spurge, hairy spurge, Jean Roberts, old blood, sneeze weed, spurge

Fijian: ndeniose, ndeniosi, ovoku, ovuka, samunggawe

Filipino: botobotonis, bugayau, patik-patik, tawa-tawa

French: herbe à dysenterie, herbe à verrues, herbe de Jean-Robert

Hawaiian: koko kahiki

I-Kiribati: te tarai, te tarai Korsre, te tarai Kusaie, te tarai Kutiaie

Ibatan: tairas

Ifugao: bambalinag

Ilocano: maragatas

Japanese: shima-nishiki-sō

Kwara‘ae: memeo

Mangarevan: eniu

Maori (Cook Islands): totototo, totototo titā, totototo titā

Marquesan: eaea mata, feeimata

Niuean: toto taane, toto tāne

Palauan: udall

Pampangan: magatas

Samoan: la‘au fai moti, la‘au fai moti

Spanish: golondrina, hierba de la golondrina, lechera, mal casada, pimpinela, sábana de la virgen

Subanen: paliak

Tagalog: gatas-gatas

Tahitian: eaea, gna‘u, gna‘u, gnai‘u, gnai‘u, raau topau, runa, titanai, toa miru

Tongan: sakisi

Tongarevan: mauku

Tuamotuan: aihere tapau, piripiri

Ulithian: habulbul

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Annual herb with ascending stems to 40 cm high, hispid-pubescent, hairs multicellular, spreading; leaves narrowly ovate-rhomboidal, inequilateral and slightly asymmetric, subacute, rounded or obtuse at base, dark green and often purplish above, paler green beneath, pilose, serrulate; stipules pectinate, caducous; blades 2-4 cm long; petiole about 1 mm; cyathia many in short dense axillary subcapitate cymes; involucre sparsely pilose externally; nectaries obsolete; capsule minute, adpressed-pilosulous, 1.2 mm wide; seeds 0.7 mm long, ovoid, 3-ridged, with transverse wavy lines, light brown"  (Stone, 1970; p. 374).

Habitat/ecology:  "A weed of the tropics and subtropics.  It is found in both moist and dry environments in cultivated lands, in poor or degenerate grasslands and pastures, and in lawns, gardens, and waste areas.  It is an early colonizer of bare ground in many situations, especially under damp or irrigated conditions. Because the prostrate plant can tolerate mowing, it can become important in lawns and turf" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 269).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and common in low elevation, dry, disturbed habitats" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 609).  In Fiji, "found from near sea level to about 600 m as a weed in waste places, clearings, villages, cultivated fields, and canefields, and often on river banks" (Smith, 1981; pp. 574-575).  "Common in disturbed places and croplands" (Whistler, 1988; p. 17). Arid lowlands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 251). In New Guinea, "a weed of grazing land and cultivation, and occurring in natural habitats at streamsides, behind beaches, and in grassland. From low altitudes to about 2000 m, often common" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 100). In Tonga, "frequent as a plantation and waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 168).

Propagation:  "The plant reproduces by seeds which are produced abundantly, as many as 2,990 per plant.  When the seed pods mature they explode, throwing the seeds some distance from the plant.  In most tropical or subtropical areas the plant flowers year round" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 269).

Native range:  Southern United States to Argentina, the West Indies and the Paleotropics (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 609). Of doubtful nativity but perhaps American, spreading early into the Old World (Smith, 1981; pp. 574-575).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Garber 691, Harris 13, Harris 14, Harris 23, Harris 83, Harris 85, Harris 103, Harris 237, Harris 341, Yuncker 9120, Whistler 1313, Whistler 1368
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 10) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3366, Bryan 1373
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 1)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Falanruw 2175 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 29) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1790 (US), Evans 2360 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1639 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1977) (p. 30) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3093 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 59) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59150
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 29) Vouchers cited: Anderson 552 (US, BISH, Fo), Fosberg 31348 (US, BISH), Moore 395 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manuae Atoll (Northern Cook Islands)		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Suwarrow Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Takutea Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced invasive	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 50) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 193 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 70) Voucher cited: Glassman 2397 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 9) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 46701 (US), Evans 366 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 574-575) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 904
Fiji Fiji Islands	Nggamea Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 574-575) Voucher cited: Weiner 71-7-44
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 574-575) Vouchers cited: DA 10476, Bierhorst F129
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 574-575) Voucher cited: DA 10208
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 574-575) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 28, DA 10683, Smith 4320, Smith 4746, Gibbs 691, DA 5949, Smith 9447, DA 9517, DA 10042, DA 9584, Gillespie 3543, DA 9970, DA 10630, DA 3675
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Kamaka Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Makaroa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Motane (Mohotane, Mohotani) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 41) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Sachet 64965 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 104) Voucher cited: Cartier 126
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Sachet 924 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 104) Vouchers cited: Moore 194, BRY 26488
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Manuae (Scilly) Atoll (Society Islands)	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 43)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 43)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 104) Vouchers cited: Grant 3652, BRY 26342, BRY 25995, Florence 3251
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll		Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 44) Vouchers cited: Sachet 1654 (US), Florence 3251 (P, US), Raynal 18027 (P)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 19) Voucher cited: Sachet 1978 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Ana‘a Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Brooks & Brooks 47 (BISH)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Marutea Sud (Marutea South) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll		Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 27)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Sachet 2051 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikei (Tikai, Tiku) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuamotu Islands		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Tupuai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 374) Voucher cited: Stone 3908 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	French Frigate Shoals	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lehua Island	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 23) Vouchers cited: K.R. Wood 11539 (BISH, PTBG), K.R. Wood 11618 (PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609) Voucher cited: Lay & Collie s. n. (K)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) Also var. glaberrima (Koidz.) H. Hara (endemic)
Japan (offshore islands) Marcus Island	Marcus Island (Minami Tori Shima)	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll		Chock, Alvin K./Hamilton, Jr., Dean C. (1962) (p. 5) Vouchers cited: Bergman 19, Fosberg 13268, Fosberg & E. M. Metraux 13248
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 26)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 26)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 26)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Enderbury Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 24) Vouchers cited: Bryan 30 (P), Fosberg & Stoddart 54745 (US), Fosberg & Stoddart 54757 (US, HAW, K)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 24) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 30873, Degener & Hateway 21298, Fosberg & Stoddart 54786 (US, HAW, K), Luomala 17, Clapp P-71-4 (US), Clapp P-71-6 (US), Clapp P-71-21 (US)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 173) Voucher cited: Luomala 17
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Manra (Sydney) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 24) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54852 (US, HAW, K), Long 2545 (US), Long 2571
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 24) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54786 (US, HAW, K), Long 2028 (US)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 76) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-156 (BISH 697767)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 77)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 79) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-86 (BISH 697701)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tabiteuea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 73)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1988) (p. 13)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 329) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 24367, Lane 57-146
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Fosberg 24367 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Fosberg 26717 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 8) "Common; in fields, around houses and ruderal areas".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (pp. 46-47) Vouchers cited: Bryan s.n., Wagner 3380, Fosberg 26501, Herbst 8918, Herbst 9003, Whistler 11250
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Fosberg 26501 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 7) "Common; in lawns and ruderal areas thoroughout Arno village".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Jemo Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Jemo Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33873 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Fosberg 26991 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy (year unknown)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36717 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã)Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 36)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 129) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58627 (US), Fosberg 58677 (US), Scully 114N (US?), Thaman & Manner 21 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9554 (BRIU)
New Caledonia Récifs D'Entrecasteaux (D'Entrecasteaux Reefs)	Île Surprise	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 51) Vouchers cited: Däniker 36c (Z), Cherrier in MacKee 43882
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 51) Vouchers cited: Sarasin 742, MacKee 28211
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 51) Voucher cited: MacKee 45871
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Rudérale, nombreuses localités
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 51) Vouchers cited: Vieillard 1142, Pancher s.n., Balansa 258, Delacour 91, Franc A 1703, MacKee 34703
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 51) Voucher cited: Buchholz 1648
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (pp. 105-106)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 629) "confined to thermal sites on Raoul Island".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 89) Vouchers cited: CHR 169725, CHR 169730
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 17)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 32)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 76) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9880 (BISH), Yuncker 9884 (BISH) "A common weed in plantations and waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 40)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 110)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 103)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 100)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 106)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 137)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Merir Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 60)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (1997) (pp. 45-47)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 39) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & B. Christian 11213, J. P. Chapin
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 17)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 73)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 60)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 22) Vouchers cited: Soakai 292, Soakai 555
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 22) Vouchers cited: Soakai 292, Soakai 555, Scarth-Johnson 83
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 168) "Frequent throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 168) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15421
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 22) Vouchers cited: Moseley s.n., Ilolahia 123, Soakai 326, Soakai 384, Soakai 418, Soakai 436, Soakai 458
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 168) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15103, Hürlimann 42
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 349)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 22) Vouchers cited: Soakai 869, Soakai 874
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 168) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 328
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 168) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 528
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Crosby 161
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 168) Cited: Crosby.
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced invasive	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 57)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 609)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 26)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33628
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Sachet 871 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 33628 (US), Fosberg 34465 (US)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 17)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 272)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 272)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 272)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 272)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 271)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 271)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 271)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 271)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 271)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 629) "Open disturbed sites, arable land".
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 272)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 272)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 114)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 152) Vouchers cited: Bourne 12 (K), Rhyne 663 (US)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 291-292)

Additional information:  Additional online information about Chamaesyce hirta is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Chamaesyce hirta may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

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