(L.) Urb., Apiaceae
|
|
|
(L.) Urb., Apiaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Threat only at high elevations? no
Other Latin names: Hydrocotyle asiatica L.
Common name(s): [more details]
|
Chuukese: likotekoot, likotokot, mwoi, nikésúk, nikótókót |
|
English: Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, pennywort, sheep-rot, thankuni |
|
Fijian: tatandra, totodro, totondro, totono |
|
French: écuelle d'eau, fausse violette |
|
Hawaiian: pohe kula |
|
Maori (Cook Islands): kapukapu |
|
Marshallese: maadko, madiko, madriko, margo, mariko, mariko, marukko, maruko |
|
Niuean: tono, tonu |
|
Palauan: elisichur, elsichur |
|
Samoan: lau taliga, togo, togo |
|
Spanish: hierba de clavo, sombrerito |
|
Tongan: tono |
Habit: herb
Description: "Creeping herb; petioles commonly 1-15 (or up to 30) cm long; blades orbicular-cordate or reniform, coarsely and shallowly toothed, 2-5 cm long and usually broader than long; inflorescence 1-7 cm long; secondary umbels of 2-4 flowers; petals pinkish-purple, 1 mm wide; stamens shorter; fruit 4-5 mm broad and 3 mm high, 7-9-ribbed" (Stone, 1970; p. 462).
Habitat/ecology: Occurs in a variety of open situations, both coastal and inland (Stone, 1970; p. 462). "Occasional to common in pastures and sunny disturbed places" (Whistler, 1988; p. 38).
In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in a wide range of habitats including meadows, ditches, bogs and wet forest, 0-1,700 m" (Wagner et al, 1999; p. 201). In Fiji, "found from near sea level to about 800 m in open places and on fern-covered ridges, and also along roadsides in shade, in cultivated land, and in pastures" (Smith, 1985; p. 655). In Niue, an abundant adventive weed of plantations and waste places, and a great nuisance because it often forms dense creeping masses that affect crops adversely" (Sykes, 1970; p. 208). In Tonga, "a frequent plantation and waste-are weed" (Yuncker, 1959). "In moist, protected places;...known in the Galápagos Islands from several islands at elevations of 350 to 800 m" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Asia, now pantropical. "Probably an aboriginal introduction to Western Polynesia" (Whistler, 1988; p. 38). Fosberg et al. (1979; p. 200) lists as native in Micronesia.
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
American Samoa
Manu‘a Islands |
Ofu Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1990)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 9504 |
|
|
American Samoa
Manu‘a Islands |
Ta‘u Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1990)
Vouchers cited: Harris 344, Yuncker 9113, Whistler 3313 |
|
|
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89) | |
|
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island | Anon. (1988) (p. 1) | |
|
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Lord Howe Island |
Lord Howe Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 18)
"Growing in grassy and swampy areas". Voucher cited: P.S. Green 2323 (K) |
|
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Norfolk Islands |
Norfolk Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 7)
"Growing in grassy and swampy areas". Vouchers cited: P.S. Green 1362 (A, K), W.R. Sykes NI 1058 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 475 (CHR), J.D. McComish 49A (K) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Agrigan (Agrihan) Island |
native
|
Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 53) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Alamagan Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Alamagan Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 35)
Voucher cited: Falanruw 1920 (US) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Alamagan Island |
native
|
Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 60)
Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58851 |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Anatahan Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Anatahan Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 35)
Voucher cited: Falanruw 1688 (US) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Pagan Island |
native
|
Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 60)
Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58971 |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
native
|
Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 53) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Sarigan Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Sarigan Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 35)
Vouchr cited: Evans 2379 (US, BISH, Fo, NY) |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Ma‘uke Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Miti‘aro Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Etal (Ettan) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll |
Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 43)
Voucher cited: Marshall 32 (US) |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Pis Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll |
native
|
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 55)
Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 149 (GUAM) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Satawan Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
probably native
|
Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 88)
Voucher cited: Glassman 2792 (US) |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Fais Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Fais Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 11)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 46710 (US) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Ulithi Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Woleai Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Kandavu Island |
native
|
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656)
Voucher cited: DA 2456 |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Lakemba Island |
native
|
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656)
Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 926 |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Moala Island |
native
|
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656)
Voucher cited: Bryan 316f |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Ovalau Island |
native
|
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656)
Voucher cited: US 73842 |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Levu Island |
native
|
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656)
Voucher cited: H.B.R. Parham s. n. |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Mbalavu Island |
native
|
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656)
Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 1098 |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
native
|
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656)
Vouchers cited: Greenwood 408, 1209; Gibbs 810; Weiner 5; Gillespie 4692.2; DA 10041; DA 714; DA 9580; DA 10850; DA 11257; Degener & Ordonez 13503; DA 3678; DA 6090 |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Maupiti (Maurua) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 55)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 64791 (US) Rare in lowland disturbed places. |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
|
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 285)
Voucher cited: Florence 2124 |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive |
University of California (2006)
"Disturbed areas, fields, wayside". |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
|
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 285)
Voucher cited: BRY 26669 |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
|
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 285)
Vouchers cited: Whistler 4857, Grant 4523 |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
native
|
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 462)
Probably indigenous. Voucher cited: Stone 3819 (GUAM) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawai‘i (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaua‘i Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Lāna‘i Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Moloka‘i Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201) |
|
Japan (offshore islands)
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands | Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) | |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 30)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26731 (US), Fosberg 39434 (US) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (pp. 31-32)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26490, Hughes s.n., Herbst 9029, Whistler 11266 |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 26490 (US) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Namu Atoll |
probably native
|
Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 31) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Ujae Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Ujae Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 34298 (US) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 33943 (US) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Arno Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Arno Atoll |
Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. ii)
Voucher cited: Anderson 3636 |
|
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Arno Atoll |
probably introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 4)
"Abundant; widespread in most environments including lawns, ruderal areas, beaches and forests". |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Aur Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Likiep Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Likiep Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 33830 (US), Fosbereg 27064 (US) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 63) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Mejit (Mãjej) Island |
probably native
|
Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 31) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 6)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 36714 (US) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Wotje (Wõjjã)Atoll |
probably native
|
Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 31) |
|
New Caledonia
New Caledonia |
New Caledonia Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89) | |
|
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 208)
Voucher cited: CHR 168678 |
|
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 38) |
|
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 25)
Modern or Polynesian introduction. |
|
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 92)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 9648 (BISH) "Common in plantations and waste areas and considered especially obnixious because of the difficulty of eradication". |
|
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 40) |
|
Palau
Hatohobei Group |
Tobi Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Palau
Hatohobei Group |
Tobi Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 110) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Angaur Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 100) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96) |
|
Palau
Sonsorol Group |
Merir Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109)
? |
|
Palau
Sonsorol Group |
Pulo Ana Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109)
? |
|
Palau
Sonsorol Group |
Sonsorol Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109)
? |
|
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 76) | |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Western Samoa Islands | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 38) | |
|
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89) | |
|
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
native
|
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 56) |
|
Tonga
Ha‘apai Group |
Kao Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15941 |
|
|
Tonga
Tonga Islands |
Tonga Islands |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208)
"Found through Tonga". |
|
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
‘Eua Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 3)
Vouchers cited: Lister s.n., Soakai 1001 (EI) |
|
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
‘Eua Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15448 |
|
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 3)
Vouchers cited: Lister s.n., Ilolahia 150, Soakai 435 |
|
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208)
Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15010, Yuncker 15146 |
|
|
Tonga
Vava‘u Group |
Tafahi Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208)
Voucher cited: Hülimann 539 |
|
|
Tonga
Vava‘u Group |
Vava‘u Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208)
Cited: Barclay, Crosby. |
|
|
Tuvalu
Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands |
Tuvalu Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89) | |
|
Vanuatu
New Hebrides Islands |
Vanuatu (Republic of) | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89) | |
|
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis and Futuna Islands | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 38) | |
| Indian Ocean | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago |
Diego Garcia Island | Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 8) | |
Additional information: Additional online information about Centella asiatica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Taxonomic information about Centella asiatica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.
Anon. 1988. Weed list for American Samoa by cropping system. Checklist dated 07/13/88, origin unknown. 3 pp.
Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.
Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Additional records of phanerogams from the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 68. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 9 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. 1969. A collection of plants from Fais, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 133. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.
Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.
Fosberg, F. Raymond. 1990. A review of the natural history of the Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 330. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 100 pp.
Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.
Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.
Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. 2002. Invasive/weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Invasive species and their management. Micronesica Suppl. 6:61-65.
Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.
Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 189. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 53 pp + photos.
McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.
Merlin, M./Juvik, J. 1996. Irá me neeniier nón Chuuk: Plants and their Environments in Chuuk. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp.
.
Ohba, T. 1994. Flora and vegetation of the northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Biological Expedition to the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. In A. Asakua & T. Furuki, eds. Natural History Research, Special issue no. 1, Chiba, Japan: Natural History Museum and Institute. pp. 13-69.
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 40:1-69. .
Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 3. 758 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.
Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.
Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.
Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.
Thaman, R. R./Tuiwawa, M. 1999. Invasive, potentially invasive and adventive alien plant species of Fiji: a preliminary analysis of their status and measures required for their control. Preliminary draft discussion paper prepared for the SPREP Regional Invasive Species Strategy for the South Pacific Islands Region: Regional Workshop, Nadi, Fiji, 26 September-1 October 1999.
Topp, J. M. W. 1988. An annotated check list of the flora of Diego Garcia, British Ocean Territory. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 313. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 21 pp.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
University of California. 2006. Moorea Digital Flora Project (online resource).
Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.
Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2007. Arno plants [preliminary working listing of plant species]. Unpublished checklist, 13 pp.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).
Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.
Whistler, W. A. 1984. Annotated list of Samoan plant names. Economic Botany 38:464.489.
Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.
Whistler, W. A. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands: The plants, their Maori names, and their uses. Allertonia 5(4):347-424.
Whistler, W. A. 1990. The weeds of Manu‘a [unpublished checklist]. 18 pp.
Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flora of Tonga [unpublished checklist]. 107 pp.
Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. 1997. Botanical survey of the Huvalu Forest Conservation Area, Niue. Unpublished technical report. 76 pp.
Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. 1999. Botanical survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands. Prepared for Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and the U. S. Army Environmental Center. 111 pp.
Wiggins, I. L./Porter, D. M. 1971. Flora of the Galapágos Islands. Stanford University Press. 998 pp.
Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp.
Yuncker, T. G. 1945. Plants of the Manua Islands. Bishop Mus. Bull. 184. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 73 pp.
Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.