Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Apiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 7 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Hydrocotyle asiatica L.; Hydrocotyle erecta L. f.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: ji xue cao

Chuukese: likotekoot, likotokot, mwoi, nikésúk, nikótókót

English: Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, gotu kola, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, pennywort, sheep-rot, thankuni

Fijian: tatandra, tododro, totodro, totondro, totono

French: écuelle d'eau, fausse violette

Hawaiian: pohe kula

Hindi: brahmi

Japanese: tsubo-kusa

Maori (Cook Islands): kapukapu

Marshallese: maadko, madiko, madriko, margo, marigo, mariko, marukko, maruko, nargo

Niuean: tono, tonu

Palauan: elisichur, elsichur

Pohnpeian: liwadawad marer, luwut-uwut-marek, marer

Samoan: lau taliga, moa, togo, togotogo

Spanish: hierba de clavo, sombrerito

Tahitian: tohetupou

Tongan: tono, tono tahi

Wallisian: tona, tono

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Creeping herb; petioles commonly 1-15 (or up to 30) cm long; blades orbicular-cordate or reniform, coarsely and shallowly toothed, 2-5 cm long and usually broader than long; inflorescence 1-7 cm long; secondary umbels of 2-4 flowers; petals pinkish-purple, 1 mm wide; stamens shorter; fruit 4-5 mm broad and 3 mm high, 7-9-ribbed"  (Stone, 1970; p. 462).

Habitat/ecology:  Occurs in a variety of open situations, both coastal and inland (Stone, 1970; p. 462).  "Occasional to common in pastures and sunny disturbed places" (Whistler, 1988; p. 38).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in a wide range of habitats including meadows, ditches, bogs and wet forest, 0-1,700 m" (Wagner et al, 1999; p. 201).  In Fiji, "found from near sea level to about 800 m in open places and on fern-covered ridges, and also along roadsides in shade, in cultivated land, and in pastures" (Smith, 1985; p. 655).  In Niue, an abundant adventive weed of plantations and waste places, and a great nuisance because it often forms dense creeping masses that affect crops adversely" (Sykes, 1970; p. 208). In Tonga, "a frequent plantation and waste-are weed" (Yuncker, 1959).  "In moist, protected places;...known in the Galápagos Islands from several islands at elevations of 350 to 800 m" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Asia, now pantropical.  "Probably an aboriginal introduction to Western Polynesia" (Whistler, 1988; p. 38). Fosberg et al. (1979; p. 200) lists as native in Micronesia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9504
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 56) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9504 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 48)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34775) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 37099) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Harris 344, Yuncker 9113, Whistler 3313
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 56) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9113 (BISH), W. Harris 344 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 9123) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 1)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 61)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1993) (voucher ID: PTBG 27453) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 18) "Growing in grassy and swampy areas". Voucher cited: P.S. Green 2323 (K)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 7) "Growing in grassy and swampy areas". Vouchers cited: P.S. Green 1362 (A, K), W.R. Sykes NI 1058 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 475 (CHR), J.D. McComish 49A (K)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	native	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 436)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 53)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 35) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1920 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 60) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58851
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 35) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1688 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 60) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58971
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 53)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 35) Vouchr cited: Evans 2379 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Saipan	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Etal (Ettan) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll [xxx]	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 43) Voucher cited: Marshall 32 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1946) (voucher ID: PTBG 31009) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 55) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 149 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 12) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	probably native	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 88) Voucher cited: Glassman 2792 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 70) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 4156 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 4254 (NY, BISH, PTBG), J. Bee 23 (NY), A. Dores 225 (NY, PTBG), B. Ekiek 66 (NY, PTBG), E. Eperiam 11 (NY), R. Gallen 46 (NY), A. Raynor 112 (NY, PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 43503) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 43535) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 46092) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46710 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 45080) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656) Voucher cited: DA 2456
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 926
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656) Voucher cited: Bryan 316f
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656) Voucher cited: US 73842
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656) Voucher cited: H.B.R. Parham s. n.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 1098
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 655-656) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 408, 1209; Gibbs 810; Weiner 5; Gillespie 4692.2; DA 10041; DA 714; DA 9580; DA 10850; DA 11257; Degener & Ordonez 13503; DA 3678; DA 6090
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4184 (PAP), J. Florence 6886 (PAP), B. Toutain 4232 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 55) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64791 (US) Rare in lowland disturbed places.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 285) Voucher cited: Florence 2124
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	University of California (2006) "Disturbed areas, fields, wayside".
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2124 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 285) Voucher cited: BRY 26669
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 285) Vouchers cited: Whistler 4857, Grant 4523
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2732 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 38229) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5773 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6565 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5512 (PAP) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 462) Probably indigenous. Voucher cited: Stone 3819 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 201)
Japan (offshore islands) Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 30) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26731 (US), Fosberg 39434 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (pp. 31-32) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 26490, Hughes s.n., Herbst 9029, Whistler 11266
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Fosberg 26490 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Namu Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 31)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34298 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33943 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. ii) Voucher cited: Anderson 3636
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	probably introduced invasive abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 4) "Abundant; widespread in most environments including lawns, ruderal areas, beaches and forests".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Aur Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Aur Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1951) (pp. 284-285) Voucher cited: St. John 21375 (BISH)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 33830 (US), Fosbereg 27064 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 63)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mejit (Mãjej) Island	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 31)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A9) Occasional; in fields and along pathway, beaches, most islands visited.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrik, Utrõk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrik, Utrõk) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36714 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 31)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 1) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0514200901
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 208) Voucher cited: CHR 168678
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 38)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 25) Modern or Polynesian introduction.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 92) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9648 (BISH) "Common in plantations and waste areas and considered especially obnixious because of the difficulty of eradication".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 40)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 110)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1992) (voucher ID: BNM 92) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 801) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 99999993) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 100)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. Field notes and voucher.) Voucher: Lorence 9788 (PTBG, BNM, NY, TAMU, US)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 81) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1983) (voucher ID: PTBG 23500) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 200)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Merir Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109) ?
Palau Sonsorol Group	Pulo Ana Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109) ?
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109) ?
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 426) Common, in lawns, on sandy foreshores and in coconut plantations on the strand-plain.
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 61)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 238) In open damp grasslands, on rice-paddy banks, etc.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 38)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 56)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15941
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208) "Found through Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 3) Vouchers cited: Lister s.n., Soakai 1001 (EI)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15448
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 3) Vouchers cited: Lister s.n., Ilolahia 150, Soakai 435
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15010, Yuncker 15146
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1989) (voucher ID: PTBG 3910) Taxon name on voucher: Centella asiatica
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208) Voucher cited: Hülimann 539
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 208) Cited: Barclay, Crosby.
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 30)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 38)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced cultivated	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Shady, wet, grassy places, river margins; 200-1900 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 205) In shade and wet places, along ditches.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Japan Japan	Japan	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
North Korea North Korea	North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South Korea South Korea	South Korea (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 24) Common
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Chile (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Shady, wet, grassy places, river margins; 200-1900 m.
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 8)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 25)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Rivers, Julie (2004) (p. 6)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 30) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52107 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 45)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Control:  If you know of control methods for Centella asiatica, please let us know.