Cenchrus brownii Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

English: Brown's burgrass, Brown's sandbur, burgrass, burr grass, fine-bristle sandbur, green sandbur, sandbur, slim-bristle sandbur

Nauruan: eakung, iyakong

Samoan: mumuta

Satawalese: alū

Spanish: abrojo, cadillo bobo, cadillo carreton blanco, garretón blanco, mozotillo

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Erect to straggling grass, 15-60 cm tall; culm bases sometimes decumbent and rooting at the nodes.  Leaves scattered along culms; lamina 5-35 cm long, 5-12 mm wide; sheath keeled, 6-12 cm long.  Inflorescence 3-12 cm long, with many densely crowded burrs.  Burrs 3.5-4 mm diam.; outer whorl of slender, barbed bristles to 7 mm long, surrounding a rigid cup with intercrossing spines of similar length.  Spikelets 2-4 per involucre, 4-5.5 cm long, acuminate, protruding among spines of the burr.  Lower glume ca 1/2 length of spikelet.  Upper glume and lower floret "equal, enclosing coriaceous fertile floret." (Du Puy, 1993; p. 499).

"Very similar to C. echinatus but with longer, narrower spikes consisting of more numerous, very crowded, smaller and more delicate burrs; leaf blades longer also.  Culms usually taller"  (Stone, 1970; pp. 207-208)."Annual [grass], mostly erect, 30-100 cm tall; blades thin, flat, lax, 6-12 mm wide; raceme 4 to 10 cm long, dense; burs depressed globose, about 4 mm high, the outer bristles numerous, very slender, the inner somewhat exceeding the body, the lobes interlocking at maturity; spikelets usually 3".  (Hitchcock, 1950; p. 731).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  Common in disturbed places, particularly near the ocean and on limestone soils.

Propagation:  Seed. The burrs detach easily from the spike and attach to clothing or animals.

Native range:  Tropical America, now widespread.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31587 (US, BISH, Fo)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 697520) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31715 (US, BISH, Fo)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Anderson 601 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 697521) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 7)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 115255) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 115269) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 112559) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. Voucher specimen) Voucher: BMW 5790 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697519) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 24898) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 54) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 3) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46874 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 115262) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588360) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3061 (PAP) "Vu ce seul pied en ornemental".
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 207-208)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 115257) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1911) (voucher ID: BISH 115265) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 321) Vouchers cited: Taylor 46-1259, St. John 23845, St. John 23711
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 115266) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 115267) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 115268) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 79) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34140. Not seen in this survey and may no longer be present.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 115261) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 1) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0830200901
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2009) (voucher ID: PTBG 49754) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 67) Voucher cited: Thaman & Manner 35 (SUVA)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Palau Islands (main island group)	introduced	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2010) (p. 15)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 33)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 39586) Taxon name on voucher: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 46)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (pp. 74-75) A widely distributed weed in settled areas, occurring generally in open waste places in and about towns.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 27)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 56)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 8) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34929 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Fosberg 43522 (US)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34929 (US)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 27)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 73)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 27)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 192)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 24) Naturalised

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 108)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Comments:  Mostly an agricultural pest, but also occurs on beaches and ocean-side habitats. See also C. echinatus.

Additional information:
Additional online information about Cenchrus brownii is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Cenchrus brownii as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Cenchrus brownii may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1911. Voucher specimen #BISH 115265 (McGregor, R.C. 470).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 115269 (Takamatsu, M. 128).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 39586 (Takamatsu, M. 1780).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 115255 (Fosberg, F.R. 24904).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 115268 (Taylor, W.R. 46-1259).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697519 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2797).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 115262 (Wong, C.C.Y. 339).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 115266 (St.John, H. 23711).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 115267 (St.John, H. 23845).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 112559 (Anderson, D. 2131).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 697520 (Fosberg, F.R. 31587).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 697521 (Fosberg, F.R. 31895).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 115261 (Fosberg, F.R. 34140).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 115257 (Fosberg, F.R. 35675).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588360 (Fosberg, F.R. 60123).

Cardenas, Juan/Reys, Carlos E./Doll, Jerry D./Pardo, Fernando. 1972. Tropical weeds; malezas tropicales, vol. 1. International Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 341 pp.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Vegetation and flora of Wake Island. Atoll Research Bulletin 67. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 20 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1969. Plants of Satawal Island, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 132. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 13 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1969. Wake Island vegetation and flora, 1961-1963. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 123. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar. 1980. Grass weeds, vol. 1. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 142 pp. + plates.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Henty, E. E. 1969. A manual of the grasses of New Guinea. Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Botany Bull. No. 1. Lae, New Guinea. 215 pp.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Hitchcock, A. S. 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States, second edition (1971 reprint). New York, Dover Publications. 1052 pp. (two volumes).

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Palau. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 44 pp.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1925. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 1 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 463 pp.

Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1996. Voucher specimen #PTBG24898 (Tim Flynn 6073).

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1993. Flora of Australia. Vol. 50, Oceanic islands 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 37:1-69. .

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. 2000. Invasive plant species in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 41 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

St. John, Harold. 1960. Flora of Eniwetok Atoll. Pacific Science 14(4):313-336.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. 101 pp. plus appendix.

Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 392:1-223.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2009. Specimens from Likiep, Majuro, Wotje and Arno (unpublished checklist). 4 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. 1999. Botanical survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands. Prepared for Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and the U. S. Army Environmental Center. 111 pp.