Casuarina equisetifolia L., Casuarinaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 21 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Casuarina litorea L. var. litorea; Casuarina littorea Rumph.

Common name(s): [more details]

Austral: aito, aito, toa, to‘a, toa

Carolinian: weighu

Chamorro: gago, gago, gagu, gagu, goago

Chinese: mu ma huang

Chuukese: neokuk, ueoku, ueokuk, weeku, weeku, weku

English: Australian beefwood, Australian pine, beach sheoak, beefwood, casuarina, coast ironwood, common ironwood, horsetail tree, ironwood, she oak

Fijian: cau, cau, nakure, nggaro, nokonoko, nokonoko ndamu, qaro, thau, velau

French: arbe de fer, arbre de fer, bois de fer, filao, filao bord-de-mer, filao-pays, pin d'Australie

German: tanenbaum

Hawaiian: paina

I-Kiribati: te burukam, te kai ni kiritimati, te katurina

Japanese: mukumao

Kwara‘ae: salu

Mangarevan: aito, eto, heto, toa

Maori (Cook Islands): toa

Marquesan: aito, kakaouou, toa, toa, toa, toa

Marshallese: bûlukam, mejinoki, nidõl, pientri

Niuean: toa

Other: vemas

Palauan: nas, ngas, ngasu

Pohnpeian: wehku, weku

Rotuman: toa

Samoan: toa, toa

Satawalese: ueuhir

Solomon Pijin: nonyo

Spanish: árbol de hierro, casuarina

Tahitian: aito, aito, ‘aito, aito, aito, toa, toa

Tongan: toa

Tuamotuan: aito, aito

Tuvaluan: laremanifi, toa

Ulithian: lach

Wallisian: toa, toa

Woleaian: laash

Yapese: nach, noc

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Trees 10-20 m tall; branches long, slender, the tips drooping, pubescent.  Leaf sheaths with (6)7(-9) teeth. Staminate spikes densely flowered, 1-6 cm long, bracts densely pubescent.  Cones subglobose to elongate and oblong-globose, 1.2-2.2 cm long, ca. 1.1-1.4 cm in diameter, the valves broadly ovate, protruding ca. 2 mm, pubescent, apex obtuse.  Nuts 6-7 mm long (incl. wing)"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 528-529).

"Trees monoecious, to 35 m tall, not suckering from roots. Trunk straight, to 70 cm d.b.h.; crown conical; bark scaly, adaxially red-brown on old trees. Ultimate branchlets usually pendulous, grayish green, 10-27 cm x 0.8-0.9 mm; articles (2.5-) 4-9 mm. Leaves erect and appressed to branchlets, (6 or) 7 (or 8) per whorl, lanceolate or triangular, 1-3 mm. Male inflorescences 1-4 cm. Cones ellipsoid, 1.2-2.5 cm, grayish green or yellowish brown tomentose when young, glabrous at maturity, base and apex truncate to obtuse; apex of bracteoles slightly obtuse or acute. Samaras 5-8 mm including wing"  (Flora of China online).

See also Casuarina glauca.

Habitat/ecology:  A pioneer, salt-resistant tree.  Very hardy on both limestone and volcanic soils.  Where invasive, forms monotypic stands under which little else grows. "Its ability to fix free nitrogen allows it to thrive on coastal sands where few other plants can survive; under these conditions it can form a virtual monoculture, excluding all other plant species.  It is thought that the roots and needle litter exude a chemical that kills other plants, an example of the phenomenon known as allelopathy.  The species thrives in full sun, tolerates windblown salt spray and saline soil, grows in everything from pure sand to fairly heavy clay in a wide pH rang, and does not require much moisture"  (Staples & Herbst, 2005; p. 229).  In Hawai‘i it is common in all but the driest and wettest coastal areas of all islands up to 500 m (Cronk & Fuller, 2001; p. 144)..  In Fiji, occurs "between sea level and about 475 m in dry seaside areas such as sandy beaches, rocky coasts, and coastal forest, and inland on grass- and reed-covered hills and in open forest" (Smith, 1981; p. 253).  Arid lowlands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 95).  "Suppresses plant growth under its canopy"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  Fire-resistant.

Propagation:  Seeds, wind- and water-dispersed.

Native range:  Australia and into Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia; widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions. Probably an ancient introduction to Polynesia (Whistler, 1992; p. 101). Either native to Melanesia and Micronesia or an early introduction.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 34)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 44)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 34)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Aunu‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 430647) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 33)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 101)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1920) (voucher ID: BISH 135906) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31578 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 136017) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 20) Vloucher cited: Fosberg 31646 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 20) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1660 (US), Evans 2447 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 401437) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Farallon de Medinilla (Marpi, Medinilla) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Farallon de Pajaros (Uracas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Farallon de Pajaros (Uracas) Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 20) "Planted by Fritz in 1900"
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 20) "Planted by Fritz in 1900"
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1882) (voucher ID: BISH 662253) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1977) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Dickinson & Mersereau 17 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 414361) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 20) Vouchers cited: Hosokawa 7949 (US, Fo), Kondo in 1949 (BISH), Anderson 580 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L), Fosberg 31411 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L), Villagomez JV-02 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	possibly native invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane (2000) (p. 7)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 136019) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 658905) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1944) (voucher ID: BISH 136016) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manuae Atoll (Northern Cook Islands)	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Nassau Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 81928) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 16) Naturalized.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 665326) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 666337) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 16)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 16) Naturalized.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 16)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 666081) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 81921) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 135882) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1903) (voucher ID: BISH 135883) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 135995) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 31)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 265 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 135993) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 135994) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 31)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 135996) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 11)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 135997) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 14) Uncommon
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 79) Voucher cited: Glassman 2912 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 77) Voucher cited: S. F. Glassman 2912 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 135992) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46851 (US) One tree, probably planted.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81546) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81559) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 111)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 135998) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Voucher cited: Smith 316
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 135907) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 135908) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 607816) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 815
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Voucher cited: Bryan 253
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 135913) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Voucher cited: Milne 127
Fiji Fiji Islands	Navutu-i-ra Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Voucher cited: Bryan 468
Fiji Fiji Islands	Navutu-i-ra Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 135916) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Voucher cited: Milne 126
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Voucher cited: Gibbs 861
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618851) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618857) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 637958) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 638057) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Voucher cited: Gillespie 4710
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 135911) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 135912) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Totoya Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Voucher cited: Milne 94
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Vouchers cited: H.B.R. Parham 443, DF 689 (Damanu L.18), Smith 6430, Degener & Ordonez 14127
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 135910) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 448550) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina littorea L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1941) (voucher ID: BISH 696848) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Vouchers cited: Smith 1493, Garnock-Jones 1078
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 135914) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 135915) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420631) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 220, Smith 4630, DF 294 (Damanu 22), O & I. Degener 32201, DA 9495, DA 9674, DA 11281, DA 1372
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 4666) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 14664) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 32960) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1963) (voucher ID: BISH 32961) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 34492) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 135918) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 135919) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 253) Vouchers cited: Weiner 241, ST. John 18155
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 135917) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 448397) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina littorea L.
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 12) Voucher cited: St. John 14622 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Gaioio Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Tarauru-Roa Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Tarauru-Roa Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Tauna Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Tauna Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Tekava Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Tekava Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Totegegie Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Totegegie Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J.-C. Thibault 1021 (PAP), J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9361 (PAP)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 601651) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: D.H. Lorence 6206 (PAP), J. Florence 7387 (PAP)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 543349) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 6593) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 42532) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: E.J.-F. Le Guillou s.n. (PAP), M.P. Mercier s.n. (PAP)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: F. Hallé 2050 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 12033 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11744 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 25) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Sachet 64969 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Raynal 17881 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 607765) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 662229) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10325 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642908) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2167 (PAP), J. Florence 4011 (PAP), C.L. Cartier 119 (PAP), C.L. Cartier 221 (PAP), C.L. Cartier 309 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 22330) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 492587) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 493280) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 25) Voucher cited: Sachet 936 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 61) Vouchers cited: Moore 382, BRY 24880
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: P. Morat 6998 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10596 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642418) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 61)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: E. Vieillard s.n. (PAP), J.B. Hombron s.n. (PAP), J. Vesco s.n. (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 135868) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 40) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Sachet 54567 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 15)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 93) "Dry lowlands"
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J.-C. Jolinon 1262 (PAP), J.-C. Jolinon 1309 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 662239) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 662585) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Hao (Hau) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Hao (Hau) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3036 (PAP) Sur plage fossile. Planté, se naturalise près du débarcadére.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493028) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 645269) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	probably native	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 18)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Moruroa Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Moruroa Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10198 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642074) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 9994 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633845) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie (2008) (p. 14) Subspontanée d'introduction européene.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	probably native cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 18)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tenarunga Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7155 (PAP) Planté
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Maria Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5612 (PAP), J. Florence 5652 (PAP)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553003) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553022) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5533 (PAP)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553137) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1982) (voucher ID: PTBG 16484) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: N. Hallé 6594 (PAP)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 241-242) Voucher cited: Stone 4247 (GUAM); var souderi Fosberg; voucher cited: Souder A-1
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 136005) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 136009) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 136010) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 136011) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 402084) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 443839) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1970) (voucher ID: BISH 507497) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 595815) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	French Frigate Shoals	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2001) (p. 9) Occasional.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Laysan Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Laysan Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim (1999) (p. 9) We observed 1 or 2 plants.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lisianski Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lisianski Island	introduced	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim (1999) (p. 13) 4 dead trees.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Pearl and Hermes Reef	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Tern Island	introduced cultivated	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim (1999) (pp. 5-6) A few trees, dead and alive.
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 279) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 20)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 20)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Christophersen, Erling (1927) (p. 77)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 20)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 16) Voucher cited: Degener & Hatheway 21303
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Luomala, Katharine (1951) (p. 172) Voucher cited: Luomala 44
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13) Voucher: Imada 2003-154 (BISH 697765)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 46)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 46)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13) Voucher: Imada 2003-39 (BISH 697654)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697654) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1972) (voucher ID: PTBG 30909) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 46)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 14) Vouchers cited: Lyman 7 (US), Fosberg 39469 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 136001) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 6) "Rare; few small trees planted near beach, northern ocean road, one which had recently died; considered to be a high risk invasive, especially on coral islands and atolls".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 46)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	uncertain if native cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 99)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 3) "Apparently occasionally spontaneous from seeds of paltned trees".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 136002) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 514256) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 526996) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 6) "Common; planted as wind break by some houses, near B&B, former R&D farm".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 46)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 3) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36630 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 136003) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 81) Naturalized in some areas.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 511398) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 606421) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A12) Uncommon; few planted trees, Mili.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 1) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0513200916
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 113-114) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58776 (US), Thaman & Manner 81 (SUVA)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1945) (voucher ID: BISH 135955) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 449733) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 58) Voucher cited: CHR 168863
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 22)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 44) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9788 (BISH)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 13)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Helen Reef	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 17, 95)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Helen Reef		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625544) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Helen Reef		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 1002680) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina (Genus of Casuarinaceae)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 17, 95) Single tree.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1970) (voucher ID: BNM 241) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 438003) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1998) (voucher ID: BISH 658290) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina littorea L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 239) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1967) (voucher ID: BNM 240) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 25499) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 45)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 567725) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Palau Rock Islands	Ngemelis Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21) Voucher: Lorence 9887 (PTBG, BNM, BISH, NY, US)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngemelis Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 156) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 123)
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 36)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 1) Along sandy seashores, extending inland in open sandy valleys along streams, in places growing at altitudes as high as 800 m; usually gregarious.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 29)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 102-105)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 69)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 65)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1895) (voucher ID: BISH 135897) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 418058) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1997) (voucher ID: BISH 29198) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1903) (voucher ID: BISH 135959) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Mikira (San Cristobal) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 135957) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Ndeni (Santa Cruz) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 153220) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Ontong Java Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 601983) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Santa Isabel (Bughotu) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 135960) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Whitmore, T. C. (1969) (p. 267)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 56)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Hotta 4177, Soakai 293
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 639262) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina littorea L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Hotta 4421!, Hotta 4422, Scarth-Johnson 51, Buelow 486
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 92-93) "Occasional throughout the group"
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 696847) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Parks 16067, Yuncker 15453, Hotta 5396, Sykes 491, Sykes 592
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 92-93) Voucher cited: Yuncker 154-53
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 135902) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. Field notes.)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: D'Urville, Home s.n. (n.s.), Graeffe 1419 (n.s.), Cartwright s.n. (n.s.), Setchell & Parks 15316, Horlimann 66, Alexander 5810, Ilolahia 152 (cult.), Soakai 472, Hotta 4013, Hotta 4051
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 92-93) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 66
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 41197) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1989) (voucher ID: PTBG 3901) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	native	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 348)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Buelow & Sykes 125
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Harlimann 667, Yuncker 15993, Whistler 6402
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 92-93) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 667, Yuncker 15993
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 135900) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Hurlimann 355
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 92-93) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 355
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 13)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 13) Vouchers cited: Harvey s.n., Graeffe s.n. (n.s.), Crosby (n.s.), Yuncker 16060, Notta 4751
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 92-93) Voucher cited: Yuncker 16060
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 56)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 135901) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Woodroffe 171 (CHR)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced cultivated	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 54)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Eastern Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-5)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 528-529)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-5)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Spit Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-5)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 20)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 573419) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 11)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 7) Planted around buildings.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 659996) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Aneityum Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 135952) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Aneityum Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 135953) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Espirito Santo Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 135956) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanua Lava Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 135954) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 31)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	native	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	native	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 73) Planted as wind breaks and sand stabilization.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced invasive	Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. (2001) (p. 144)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 181)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 24) Common
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 108)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	native cultivated	Williams, D. G. (1994) (pp. 22, 26)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 148) Vouchers cited: Stoddart 814 (K), Rhyne 440 (US)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 26)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 37876) Taxon name on voucher: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Très envahissant"
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Lavergne, C. (2004) (p. 4)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique (2006) (p. 758)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 16)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 117) Voucher cited: Procter 4189
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Alphonse Island		Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 179) Voucher cited: Robertson 2848 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 147) Voucher cited: Robertson 3080 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	native	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52168 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	D'Arros Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Gwynne & Wood 1026 (EA)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 48)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Marie-Louise Island		Wilson, J. R. (1983) (p. 190)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Platte Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 159) Voucher cited: Robertson 3007 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Poivre Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 168)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	St. Joseph Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 44) Vouchers cited: Gwynne & Wood 963 (EA), Stoddart 7150 (US)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced invasive	Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. (2001) (p. 144)

Comments:  Either native to Melanesia and Micronesia or an early introduction. Probably an aboriginal introduction to much of Polynesia. On most islands it is not a problem, although quite a bit of reproduction was seen on Rota (Space et al., 2000). However, it is reported to be moderately invasive in French Polynesia (Fangataufa) and Nauru (Meyer, 2000; pp. 93, 99).

A major problem species in the US (Florida) and the Bahamas. Planting of this species in the State of Florida (U.S.) is prohibited by Florida Department of Environmental Protection (Hunsberger, 2001).

Control: 

Physical:  "Seedlings and saplings can be hand pulled.  In fire-tolerant communities, prescribed fires are used to eradicate this tree, but they are effective only in dense stands with sufficient dry fuel"  (Weber, 2003; p. 88).

Chemical:  "Shoots and saplings sensitive to foliar applications of triclopyr. Trees sensitive to cut-surface applications of glyphosate, dicamba, picloram and, based on response of saplings to foliar applications, probably sensitive to cut-surface applications of triclopyr"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Information from the Bugwood Wiki.
Casuarina equisetifolia factsheet (from PCA-APWG).
Photos and additional information at University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants.
Additional information at the Woody Plant Ecology web site.
Photo and additional information at the University of Guam "Plants of Guam" web site.
Information on this species from "Silvics of North American", USDA Agriculture Handbook 654.
Information from the Purdue University NewCROP web site.
Fact sheet from "Common forest trees of Hawaii" (PDF format).
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.
Information from the Global Invasive Species Database.
Information from the book "Identification and biology of non-native plants in Florida's natural areas" (PDF format).
Information from the USDA Tropical Tree Seed Manual (PDF format).

Additional online information about Casuarina equisetifolia is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Casuarina equisetifolia as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Casuarina equisetifolia may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Adair, F. 0. Ethnobotany of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. Unpaged typed manuscript.

Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 192. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 479 pp.

Australian Biological Resources Study. 2011. Flora of Australia Online. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.

Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique. 2006. Current distribution and potential extent of the most invasive alien plant species on La Réunion (Indian Ocean, Mascarene islands). Austral Ecology (2006) 31, 747-758.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1967. Voucher specimen #BNM240(Emmons, B. 2).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM239(Salsedo 67).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1970. Voucher specimen #BNM241(Salsedo 401).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 135868 (Wiles 1792).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 136010 (Thompson, J.B. 431).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 136011 (McGregor, R.C. 538).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1882. Voucher specimen #BISH 662253 (collector unknown 142).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1895. Voucher specimen #BISH 135897 (Reinecke 585).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1903. Voucher specimen #BISH 135883 (Seale, A.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1903. Voucher specimen #BISH 135959 (Seale, A.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 136009 (Nelson, P. 133).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1920. Voucher specimen #BISH 135906 (Setchell, W.A. 234).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 135913 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 253).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 135916 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 468).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 135919 (Parks, H.E. 20920).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 135912 (Gillespie, J.W. 4710).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 135954 (Kajewski, S.F. 451).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 135882 (Wilder, G.P. 867).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 135908 (Tothill, J.D.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 135952 (Kajewski, S.F. 697).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1932. Voucher specimen #BISH 135957 (Brass, L.J. 2999).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 135907 (Smith, A.C. 316).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 135960 (Brass, L.J. 3470).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 135914 (Smith, A.C. 1493).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 135915 (Smith, A.C. 1423).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 135956 (Baker, J.R. 287).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 136019 (Hosokawa, T. 7657).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 135997 (Takamatsu, M. 262).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 135995 (Takamatsu, M. 4).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 135917 (St.John, H. 18155).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618851 (St.John, H. 19319).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618857 (St.John, H. 19388).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1941. Voucher specimen #BISH 696848 (Degener, O. 14127).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1944. Voucher specimen #BISH 136016 (Cameron, E.R.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1945. Voucher specimen #BISH 135955 (Cohen, M.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 135996 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2739).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 136001 (Lyman, R.K. 7).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 567725 (Fosberg, F.R. 25838).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 135910 (Smith, A.C. 6430).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 135918 (Smith, A.C. 4630).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 135998 (Wong, C.C.Y. 465).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 135992 (Glassman, S.F. 2912).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 135993 (Anderson, D. 1058).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 135994 (Anderson, D. 1000).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 136002 (St.John, H. 23700).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 449733 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1566).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 136017 (Kondon, Y.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 135900 (Yuncker, T.G. 15993).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 135901 (Yuncker, T.G. 16060).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 135902 (Yuncker, T.G. 15453).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 135911 (Smith, A.C. 8106).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 4666 (Parham, J.W. 9674).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 32960 (Parham, J.W. 9495).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 135953 (Cheesman, L.E.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 136003 (Fosberg, F.R. 36630).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 14664 (Koroiveibau, D. 11152).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 41197 (Slolahia, V. 152).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 402084 (Dutton, L.S. 131).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 136005 (Stone, B.C.M. 4247).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1963. Voucher specimen #BISH 32961 (Parham, J.W. 13193).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81546 (Fosberg, F.R. 46435).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81559 (Fosberg, F.R. 46613).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 22330 (Smith, H.M. 27).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 401437 (Evans, M. 2447).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 438003 (Emmons, B. 2).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 443839 (Falanruw, M.V.C. 953).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 34492 (Degener, O. 32201).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 81921 (Stoddart, D.R. 2115).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 81928 (Stoddart, D.R. 2179).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 696847 (Weiner, M.A. T 30).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1970. Voucher specimen #BISH 507497 (Roszel, S.J. 9).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 153220 (Yen, D.E. 15543).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 448550 (Weiner, M.A. MW 71731B).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 601983 (Bayliss-Smith, T.P. 57).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1973. Voucher specimen #BISH 662229 (collector unknown 17881).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 418058 (Whistler, W.A. W 1950).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 414361 (Dickinson, R.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 430647 (Kuruc, J. J 51).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420631 (Garnock-Jones, P.J. 307436).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 448397 (Weiner, M.A. MW 73F241).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 493280 (Florence, J. 2167).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493028 (Florence, J. 3036).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 639262 (G.Buelow 2855).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 658905 (Raulerson, L. 1506).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 666081 (Sykes, W.R. 2425).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 492587 (Florence, J. 4911).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553003 (Florence, J. 5612).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553022 (Florence, J. 5652).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 553137 (J. Florence 5533).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 595815 (Taitano, S. LR 4824).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 607765 (Fosberg, F.R. 64969).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 645269 (Fosberg, F.R. 64637).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 543349 (Florence, J. 7387).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 607816 (Miller, J.M. 986).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 511398 (Krauss, N. 1871).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 573419 (Herbst, D.R. 8847).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 662239 (Jolinon, J.C. 1262).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 662585 (Jolinon, J.C. 1309).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 514256 (Herbst, D.R. 8911).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 526996 (Herbst, D.R. 8923).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 601651 (J.Florence 9361).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 606421 (Herbst, D.R. 9198).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 633845 (Florence 9994).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642074 (Florence 10198).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642418 (Florence 10596).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642908 (Florence 10325).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 638057 (McClatchey, W.C. 194).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 665326 (Sykes, W.R. 474833).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 666337 (Sykes, W.R. 474768).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 625544 (A.K.Kepler 92-164).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 1002680 (A.K.Kepler 92-163).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1994. Voucher specimen #BISH 637958 (McClatchey, W.C. 886).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1994. Voucher specimen #BISH 659996 (Herbst, D.R. 9699).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1997. Voucher specimen #BISH 29198 (collector unknown; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1998. Voucher specimen #BISH 658290 (Flynn, T. 6414).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697654 (C.Imada 2003-39).

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