Carduus pycnocephalus L., Asteraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  yes

Common name(s): [more details]

English: compact-headed thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, Italian thistle, shore thistle, slender thistle, slender winged thistle

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Annual herbs 5-10 dm tall; stems arachnoid pubescent, spiny-winged throughout.  Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, upper surface sparsely pubescent, lower surface arachnoid-woolly, 8-25 cm long, 2.5-6 cm wide, pinnatifid, with 2-5 pairs of lobes, margins spiny, the spines up to 12 mm long, base decumbent for entire internode.  Heads 1-3 in clusters; involucre cylindrical, 1.5-2 cm long, 0.7-1.3 cm in diameter, arachnoid pubescent, the outer bracts spine-tipped, the inner ones up to 1.3 times as long as the middle ones, faintly 3-nerved, attenuate; corollas purple, 10-14 mm long; pappus 10-14 mm long.  Achenes 4-5 mm long, compressed, smooth"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 284).

Habitat/ecology:  "Grassland, scrub, woodland, disturbed places.  In the native range, this highly variable species grows on stony hillslopes, in coastal scrub and disturbed places.  Once established where introduced, it can become dominant and exclude native species.  In savannas, it can carry grass fires to tree canopies and thus increases fire hazards"  (Weber, 2003; p. 85).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in dry sites, 1,340-2,130"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 284).

Propagation:  Seed.  Fruit production is prolific and the long-lived seeds may remain viable up to 10 years  (Weber, 2003; p. 85).

Native range:  Europe (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 284).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 40, 41) "Lefeuvre et al., 2005. Nous n’avons pas vues lors de cette" (Meyer, 2008).
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive	Cuevas, Jaime G./Marticorena, Alicia/Cavieres, Lohengrin A. (2004) (p. 535) Voucher cited: JF 63
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 552)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 284) Voucher cited: Wagner 5657 (BISH)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 66)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 189)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 300) "Waste land, pasture, riverbeds, roadsides, railway yards, tussock grassland".

Control:  Additional control information from the Bugwood Wiki.

Physical:  "Hand pulling is possible, but the root must be cut at least 10 cm below ground level to prevent regrowth.  Mowed plants can regrow fast and still produce seeds.  Grazing by sheep or goats has been proved to be effective".

Chemical:  "Chemical control is done by herbicides containing glyphosate, picloram, or 2,4-D"  (Weber, 2003; p. 85).

Additional information:
Information from the Bugwood Wiki.

Additional online information about Carduus pycnocephalus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Carduus pycnocephalus as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Carduus pycnocephalus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John. 2011. Naturalized species in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. Unpublished spreadsheet.

Cuevas, Jaime G./Marticorena, Alicia/Cavieres, Lohengrin A. 2004. New additions to the introduced flora of the Juan Fernández Islands: origin, distribution, life history traits, and potential of invasion. Revista Chilene de Histora Natural 77:523-538.

Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido. 2006. Nouveau catalogue de la flore vaculaire de l'archipel Juan Fernández (Chile) [Nuevo catálogo de la flora vacular del Archipélago Juan Fernández (Chile)]. Acta Bot. Gallica 153(4):399-587.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2008. Rapport de mission d'expertise a Rapa Nui du 02 au 11 Juin 2008: Plan d'action strategique pour lutter contre les plantes introduites envahissantes sur Rapa Nui (Île de pâques) [Strategic action plan to control invasive alien plants on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 62 pp. .

Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.

U. S. Government. 2011. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (on-line resource).

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.

Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 548 pp.