Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  yes

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: jin zhan ju

English: Scotch-marigold, Scottish-marigold, calendula, calendula-double, common marigold, garden-marigold, marigold, pot-marigold, red buff, ruddles

French: souci officinal

Hawaiian: melekule

Japanese: tō-kin-sen-ka

Korean: geumjanhwa

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Erect or ascending, annual or short-lived perennial herb, sometimes somewhat woody toward base, (10)-15-50 cm tall. Stems densely clothed in short, erect, glandular hairs, usually becoming glabrous below, much-branched. Basal and lower cauline leaves sparsely to moderately clothed in simple and glandular hairs, ciliate, usually narrow-obovate, sometimes elliptic or ± orbicular, entire, with few minute scattered marginal teeth, or rarely remotely dentate, obtuse to acute and mucronate, apetiolate and long-cuneate, 6-20 x 1.5-5 cm; upper cauline leaves similar to lower but becoming smaller, oblong to lanceolate, broad-based and often ± amplexicaul. Capitula solitary, 35-85 mm in diameter. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, glandular and ciliate, lanceolate, acuminate, 10-15 mm long, the inner with more conspicuous membranous margins. Ray florets (20)-40-60, in 1-several rows; ligules usually orange, sometimes pale orange or yellow, clearly exceeding bracts, (8)-12-30 mm long; disc florets numerous, usually orange, sometimes pale orange or yellow, rarely brownish black. Achenes glabrous or sparsely hairy, usually of 3 types; outermost achenes strongly incurved, long-beaked, 12-18 mm in diameter, with small stout spines on back, usually alternating with shorter, short-beaked, broadly 3-winged, tuberculate or smooth-backed achenes; inner achenes enclosed by outer, tuberculate on back, 4-7 mm in diameter"  (Webb et al., 1988; 200).

Habitat/ecology:  In New Zealand, "waste places, rubbish dumps, coastal sites" (Webb et al., 1988; 200).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Probable origin Mediterranean region; cultivated and naturalized in temperate regions (GRIN).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) Naturalized in village.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 619230) Taxon name on voucher: Calendula officinalis L.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1999) (voucher ID: BISH 661383) Taxon name on voucher: Calendula officinalis L.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive cultivated	National Herbarium of New South Wales (2013) "Widely cultivated, occasional garden escape, in the Orange and Tamworth areas, possibly naturalized in the Nowra area".
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced	National Herbarium of New South Wales (2013) South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
British Columbia (province of Canada) Province of British Columbia	Canada (British Columbia)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Japan Japan	Japan	introduced invasive	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 189)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 200)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Chile (Republic of)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Pichincha Naturalized
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (California)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (Washington)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Canada Canada	Canada	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013)
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania Naturalized

Control:  If you know of control methods for Calendula officinalis, please let us know.