Buddleja madagascariensis Lam., Scrophulariaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  yes

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 21 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Buddleia madagascarienses Lam.; Buddleya madagascariensis Lam.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: jiang guo zui yu cao

English: butterfly bush, smoke bush

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Sprawling shrubs 2-3 (-8) m tall; stems densely tomentose.  Leaves opposite, narrowly ovate, 7-12 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide, upper surface glabrous, lower surface densely tomentose, margins entire, petioles 1.5-2.5 cm long.  Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid cymes; calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm long, densely tomentose, the lobes ca. 0.5 mm long; corolla orange, densely tomentose externally, glabrous within; ovary pubescent.  Fruit white, becoming bluish purple at maturity, fleshy, globose, indehiscent, ca. 2.5 mm in diameter.  Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm long" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 416).

Habitat/ecology:  "A weed of forests and roadsides...invading mesic to humid forests"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in mesic areas between 900-1,200 m". (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 416). In New Caledonia, "peu cultivé, localement spontané en lisière de forêt humide sur schistes" (MacKee, 1994; p. 95).

Propagation:  Bird-dispersed fruits.

Native range:  Madagascar, widely cultivated and often becoming naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 416).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 74) Voucher cited: DA 11113
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 416) Vouchers cited: K. Nagata 2936 (BISH); Herbst & Ishikawa 5526 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David/Flynn, Tim (1999) (p. 4) Voucher cited: D. Lorence & F. Kraus 8147 (PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 416) East Maui. Voucher cited: Ishikawa 201 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, R. T. (2000) (p. 3) East Maui. Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H69911 (BISH), Oppenheimer H89908 (BISH), Oppenheimer & Perlman H89942 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 416) Voucher cited: Neal s.n. (BISH)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 95) Voucher cited: Däniker 2119
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 95) Vouchers cited: Schlechter 15281, Franc 2344, MacKee 8092, MacKee 26760, Suprin 2235

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Queensland Herbarium (2002) (p. 2)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) 100-300 m. Cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi.
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 241)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 450) "Sand dunes, coastal cliffs".

Comments:  See also B. asiatica and B. davidii.

Control: 

Chemical:  "Katie Cassel of the Kōke‘e Natural History Museum (Kōke‘e Museum) reported good control of stems <3 inches diameter with triclopyr ester at 20% in crop oil applied to basal bark and to larger stems that were frilled"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Report (PDF format) from US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Hawaii "Plants of Hawaii".
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).

Additional online information about Buddleja madagascariensis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Buddleja madagascariensis as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Buddleja madagascariensis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Lorence, David/Flynn, Tim. 1999. New naturalized plant records for the Hawaiian Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1998. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 59:3-6.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Ching, Lincoln/Nagai, Guy. 2002. Herbicidal Weed Control Methods for Pasture and Natural Areas of Hawaii. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i. CTAHR free publication WC-8.

Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, R. T. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

Queensland Herbarium. 2002. Invasive Naturalised Plants in Southeast Queensland, alphabetical by genus. Modified from: Batianoff, George N. and Butler, Don W. (2002). Assessment of Invasive naturalized plants in south-east Queensland. Appendix. Plant Protection Quarterly 17, 27-34. 11 pp.

Smith, Albert C. 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 5. 626 pp.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.

Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).