Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken, Crassulaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Kalanchoë pinnata Pers.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: peekoonia

English: air plant, Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, life plant, Mexican love plant, miracle plant, resurrection plant

Fijian: bulatawamudu, thakamana, thakomana

French: gros pourpier clochette, mangé-tortue, soudefafe

Hawaiian: ‘oliwa ku kahakai

I-Kiribati: te ang, te kabekau

Maori (Cook Islands): ngāngā‘ere toka

Marshallese: jemata, kibilia

Niuean: akau tupu he lau, tupu he lau, tupu noa

Other: glou-glou

Samoan: mimiti, pagi

Spanish: hoja del aire

Tongan: pipi vao

Habit:  succulent

Description:  "Glabrous, ± glaucous perennial herbs; stems hollow, 5-20 dm long, rarely branched, producing vegetatively by adventitious shoots from base.  Lower and uppermost leaves simple, the middle ones usually pinnately compound with 3-5 leaflets, opposite, blades flat, elliptic, 5-20 cm long, 2-10 cm wide, margins crenate, sometimes producing bulbils, petioles 2-10 cm long.  Flowers in paniculate cymes 20-80 cm long, each one pendent on pedicels 1-2.5 cm long; sepals pale yellow, streaked with red, connate, cylindrical, inflated and papery, the tube 2.5-4.5 cm long, the lobes ca 1 cm long; corolla 3-6 cm long, the exserted part maroon, sparsely glandular pubescent"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 568).

Habitat/ecology:  "Forms dense stands in disturbed mesic and dry natural areas"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and sometimes very abundant in low elevation, dry to mesic, disturbed areas" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 568).  On Guam, "often found naturalized near beaches" (Stone, 1970; p. 291).  In Fiji, "often forming colonies, occurring from near sea level to  an elevation of 550 m as a weed of waste places and cultivated fields and along roadsides, naturalized on rocky coasts and slopes and sometimes in dry forest"  (Smith, 1985; p. 36). In Tonga, "occasional in sandy or rocky areas near the sea" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 123). In New Caledonia, "rare aujourd'hui dans les jardins mais parfois abondamment naturalisé" (MacKee, 1994; p. 272).  "A weedy plant in open rocky places" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 559-560). In open, disturbed areas in the arid lowlands and moist uplands of the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 272).

Propagation:  Vegetatively, from plantlets and bulbils that form along the leaf margins and drop to the ground.

Native range:  Africa and India, Indian Ocean islands.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (pp. 5, 13)
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 10) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3410, Bryan 928, Bryan 1360, Diefenderfer 9, Diefenderfer 15, Diefenderfer s.n.
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430250) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (pp. 5, 12)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 206)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 19) "A garden escape, resistant to desiccation, which forms dense patches; spreading readily by rooting at nodes and also by producing plantlets on leaf margins which drop off and root". Vouchers cited: A.C. Beauglehole 5847 (MEL), A.N. Rodd 3577 (NSW)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 10)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 10)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 10)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 139982) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 47) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 217 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 56) Vouchers cited: Takamatsu 937 (BM), Glassman 2798 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 18)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 36) Voucher cited: Smith, 8109
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 696904) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Fiji Fiji Islands	Thithia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 36) Voucher cited: Bryan 561
Fiji Fiji Islands	Thithia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 139992) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Fiji Fiji Islands	Thithia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 139993) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 36) Voucher cited: DA 16878
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 33759) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 36) Vouchers cited: DA 14779, Greenwood 782, DA 10270, Tabualewa 15618, DA 11862, H.B.R. Parham 11, DA 11045
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 33758) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1941) (voucher ID: BISH 139994) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 547483) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 33)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 89) Voucher cited: H.M. Smith 39
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 22332) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 89) Voucher cited: Moore 781
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 89) Voucher cited: Setchell & Parks 71
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491611) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633910) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 22)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 404090) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553153) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643218) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 644235) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 405543) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 93) Mesic uplands
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Tupuai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 405550) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Tupuai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 405551) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Tupuai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 696922) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 291)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 568)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 568)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 568)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 568)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 568)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 568)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 286) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Japan (offshore islands) Marcus Island	Marcus Island (Minami Tori Shima)	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 23) Persists in abandoned gardens.
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 80542) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 602671) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 602672) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 9) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-167 (BISH 697778)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697778) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 9) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-51 (BISH 697666)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697666) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 9) Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-95 (BISH 697710)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697710) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tabiteuea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 9) Voucher cited: Imada 2003-185 (BISH 697796)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 453044) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harv.) Raym.-Hamet
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697796) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 424124) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 18) Vouchers cited: St. John 21665 (BISH), Fosberg 26752 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 38914) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 421909) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 100)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. i) Voucher cited: Anderson 3732
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 139996) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33850 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 86)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 120)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Däniker 2865 (Z), MacKee 18878
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 42) Voucher cited: MacKee 45953
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 380) Localement abondante.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Däniker 154 (Z), Mme. Leenhardt s.n. s.loc., Baumann 11523
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 42) Voucher cited: MacKee 5019
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (pp. 101-102)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. (1996) (p. 459)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 569) "Behind beach on volcanic sand and in light shade of forest, forming dense stands on open ground".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 75) Vouchers cited: CHR 168851, CHR 168852
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 15)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 34)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 30)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (pp. 57-58) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9784 (BISH) "Introduced but now well established and abundant, especially on coral rocks near the sea".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 10)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 15, 84)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 15, 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 15, 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 15, 79)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87) Presence not verified.
Palau Rock Islands	Ngercheu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 15, 92) Carp Resort.
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 86-87)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625527) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 139991) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 52)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 123) "Throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 123) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15173
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 139988) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 139990) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 456037) Taxon name on voucher: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Woodroffe 138 (CHR)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 14) Potted plants seen in 1952.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 9) Persisting from cultivation.
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 659999) Taxon name on voucher: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced invasive	Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 76)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 150) Vouchers cited: Stoddart 763 (K, US), Rhyne 439 (US), Rhyne 660 (US)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Naturalisé/envahissant"
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 57)

Comments:  Invasive on Rurutu, French Polynesia (Austral Islands) (Meyer, 2000; p. 93). Naturalized and spreading in forested areas on 'Uiha, Tonga

Also naturalized in Hawai‘i: B. daigremontianum (Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier) A. Berger, B. pinnatum (Lam.) Oken, Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier (Lorence et al., 1995, cited in Wagner et al., 1999; p. 568).

Control: 

Physical:  "Apparently cannot withstand trampling by animals, it thrives in pastures only on rock piles and on fence lines" 

Chemical: "Susceptible to 2,4-D and probably other hormone-type herbicides. Katie Cassel (Kōke‘e Museum) reported effective control with drizzle application of glyphosate at 10% product in water" (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:  Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Fact sheet from the Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, Australia. (PDF format)

Additional online information about Bryophyllum pinnatum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Bryophyllum pinnatum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 139992 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 561).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 139993 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 561).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 139990 (Setchell, W.A. I552I).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 139982 (Wilder, G.P. 918).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 139991 (Christophersen, E. 424).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 404090 (St.John, H. 15903).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 405543 (Fosberg, F.R. 12040).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 405550 (Fosberg, F.R. 11837).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 405551 (St.John, H. 16521).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 696922 (Fosberg, F.R. 11837).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1941. Voucher specimen #BISH 139994 (Tabualewa, A. 15618).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 38914 (Fosberg, F.R. 26752).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 421909 (St.John, H. 21665).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 424124 (St.John, H. 22146).

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Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 696904 (Smith, A.C. 8109).

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