Bonellia macrocarpa (Cav.) B.(Cav.) B. Ståhl & Käaut;llersjöaut;, Primulaceae

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Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Evaluate; score: 6 (Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment for Bonellia macrocarpa)

Other Latin names:  Jacquinia aurantiaca W. T. Aiton; Jacquinia macrocarpa Cav.; Jacquinia macrocarpa Cav. subsp. pungens (A. Gray) B. Ståhl; Jacquinia pungens A. Gray

Common name(s): [more details]

English: knock-me-back

Habit:  shrub/tree

Description:  "Shrubs or small trees up to 5 m, sometimes higher; twigs glabrous to densely puberulous, brownish, lenticels scarce or absent. Leaf-blades 3.5-9.5 (-12) × 1- (3.5) cm, narrowly obovate to oblanceolate or elliptical to narrowly elliptical, sometimes narrowly ovate to lanceolate, coriaceous, the bundle smooth or weakly grooved, the underside striate, the base attenuated , the apex acute with a spine (0.5-) 1.5-3 (-4) mm, rigid; inconspicuous lateral veins; petioles 1-3 (-4) × 0.5-0.9 mm. Racemes 2-8 cm, with 5-15 flowers; Pedicels 4-8 (-10) mm. Wolves of the calyx 3-4 (-4.5) × (3.7-) 4-4.7 mm; orange corolla, tube 4-6 mm, wolves (3.5-) 4-6 × 3-4 mm; stamens (3.7-) 4-6 (-6.7) mm; Staminodes 2-4 × 2-4 mm. Fruits 1.5-3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose or oblong, orange, sharp, the pericarp 0.8-5 mm thick, the outer surface wrinkled; seeds 5-25, 4-9 mm." (Tropicos, translated from Spanish* by Google Translate)

*"Arbustos o árboles pequeños hasta 5 m, algunas veces más altos; ramitas glabras a densamente pubérulas, parduscas, las lenticelas escasas o ausentes. Láminas foliares 3.5- 9.5(-12) × 1-(3.5) cm, angostamente obovadas a oblanceoladas o elípticas a angostamente elípticas, algunas veces angostamente ovadas a lanceoladas, coriáceas, el haz liso o débilmente acanalado, el envés estriado, la base atenuada, el ápice agudo con una espina (0.5-)1.5-3(-4) mm, rígida; nervaduras laterales inconspicuas; pecíolos 1-3(-4) × 0.5-0.9 mm. Racimos 2-8 cm, con 5-15 flores; pedicelos 4-8(-10) mm. Lobos del cáliz 3-4(-4.5) × (3.7- )4-4.7 mm; corola anaranjada, el tubo 4-6 mm, los lobos (3.5-)4-6 × 3-4 mm; estambres (3.7-)4-6(-6.7) mm; estaminodios 2-4 × 2-4 mm. Frutos 1.5-3.5 cm de diámetro, subglobosos u oblongos, anaranjados, nítidos, el pericarpo 0.8-5 mm de grueso, la superficie exterior arrugada; semillas 5-25, 4-9 mm."

Habitat/ecology:  "Deciduous forests, dry bushes, coastal forests. Ch-H, P. 0-1700 m. (NO. And E. and C. of Mexico, Mesomérica.)" (Tropicos, translated from Spanish** by Google Translate)

**"Selvas caducifolias, matorrales secos, selvas de litorales. Ch-H, P. 0-1700 m. (NO. y E. y C. de México, Mesomérica.)"

Propagation:  (no propagation information known by PIER)

Native range:  Mexico and Central America (Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama) (GRIN)

Impacts and invaded habitats:  (no invaded habitats or impacts known by PIER; please let us know if you know of such information we should add here)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20180511
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20180511
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Honduras (Republic of)	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20180511 (see ref for more detail)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Panama (Republic of)	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20180511
Central America Central America (non-Pacific rim)	Belize	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20180511
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20180511

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Control:  If you know of control methods for Bonellia macrocarpa, please let us know.