Banksia spinulosa J. E. Smith, Proteaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk (based on second screen), score: 5 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Banksia collina R. Br. [=Banksia spinulosa var. collina]; Banksia cunninghamii Sieber ex Rchb. [=Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii]

Common name(s): [more details]

English: hairpin banksia, rickrack banksia

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Multistemmed shrub to 3 m high, lignotuber present; bark smooth to tessellated, grey-brown; branchlets tomentose to hirsute. Leaves alternate, scattered, narrow-linear to oblong or narrow-elliptic, 3-10 cm long, 1-10 mm wide, apex obtuse to truncate, base cuneate, margins flat to recurved or revolute, mucronate, usually toothed in upper part, lower surface concealed or conspicuous; petiole 1-3 mm long. Conflorescences 6-15 cm long. Perianth 20-30 mm long, yellow or golden, persistent. Style hooked below apex, yellow throughout or dark red to purple-black in upper part, falling within a year. Follicles up to 100, very crowded, 10-24 mm long, opening either with fire or spontaneously"  (New South Wales Flora Online).

Habitat/ecology:  In New South Wales, Australia:  "Widespread in heath and dry sclerophyll forest and woodland"  (New South Wales Flora Online).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria) (GRIN).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced cultivated	Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2011) Maui Agricultural Research Center (Kula Experimental Farm)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) Victoria
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	native	National Herbarium of New South Wales (2011)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Banksia spinulosa is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Banksia spinulosa as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Banksia spinulosa may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. 2011. Annotated Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawai‘i (online searchable database).

National Herbarium of New South Wales. 2011. PlantNet: New South Wales Flora online. The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust Version 2.0. Online resource.

Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 908 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.