Asclepias curassavica L., Asclepiadaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: asuncion

Chuukese: wanuailiyos

English: bastard ipecac, bloodflower, bloodflower milkweed, butterfly weed, false ipecac, milkweed, red cotton bush, red head cottonbush

Fijian: false ipiciachuana, vu ni lolia, wathiwathi

French: herbe à gendarme, ipéca sauvage

Hawaiian: lauhele, laulele, nu‘umela, pua ‘anuhe

Hindi: madhar

Maori (Cook Islands): tirika, tirika, tirika, tirika

Marshallese: ialo, kabbok, kappok, yelo

Samoan: pepe toa, pepetoa, vao fualele, vaomumu

Satawalese: margarita, pugarigarita

Spanish: algodoncillo, bencenuco, caballo, calerona, corcalito, flor anaranjada, flor de la reina, flor de muerte, flor de sangre, flor de seda, hierba de la vibora, lechosilla, mal cascada, marianilla, mata caballo, nino muerto, oficial de sala, platanillo, quita soliman, sangria, senorita, yuquillo

Tahitian: tirita

Tongan: lou pepe, tu‘ulapepe, vavae kona

Habit:  herb

Description:  "An erect, glabrous, perennial sometimes annual herb; 30 to 120 cm tall, with a milky sap throughout; stems smooth, round, dull green or suffused with dull red; leaves simple, opposite, shortly petioled, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; 7 to 13 cm long and 6 to 25 mm wide; the base narrowed; inflorescence an umbel with 6 to 15 flowers on terminal or axillary peduncles; flowers perfect, radial symmetry or irregularly shaped, bright red or orange with yellow centers; sepals 5, deeply divided, reflexed, green; petals 5, linear, base united into a fused corolla; corolla lobes red, reflexed, oblong, shaped with inwardly curved horns; stamens 5, anthers with two pollen sacs; pollen aggregates into masses called pollinia or pollen sacs; style filaments united; pistil 20carpelled; fruit a pair of dry, dehiscent, spindle-shaped follicles, 5 to 15 cm long, many-seeded, splitting lengthwise on one side at maturity; seeds ovate, flat, winged, 4 to 6 mm long, 2.2 to 4 mm wide, brown, minutely ridged, with a pappus of fine, white silky hairs at apex, 2 to 3 cm long.  This species is unique in having reflexed corolla lobes and the corona and style filaments united on top to form a broad stigma.  The milky sap in all parts and the opposite leaves also help identify the plant"  (Holm et al., 1997; p. 82).

"Erect branched herb to 1.5 m tall; leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 6-15 cm long, 1-3 cm wide; cymes on peduncles 3-6 cm long, 4-15-flowered; flowers bright red-and-yellow; calyx-lobes to 4 mm long; corolla to 9 mm long; corona-scales to 4 mm long; stamen-tube to 3 mm long; follicles ovoid-oblong, 5-7.5 cm long; seeds 6-7 mm long, with silky-white tuft of hairs 2-2.7 cm long"  (Stone, 1970; p. 487).

Habitat/ecology:  "Occurs most frequently in pastures, wastelands and along roadsides.  It grows from sea level to over 1500 m in its region of origin.  It prefers open, sunny environments and is found on a wide range of soils" (Holm et al., 1997; p. 82).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in low elevation, often dry habitats" (Wagner et al, 1999; p. 240).  In Fiji, "seen as a coarse herb to 1.5 m high from near sea level to about 900 m, locally frequent along roadsides, in open fields, and in coconut plantations" (Smith, 1988; pp. 109-110).  "Occasional as a weed, particularly in pastures" (Whistler, 1988; p. 7). Moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 258). In New Guinea, "a weed of roadsides, waste land and pastures, also in grassland, particularly in savannahs. From low altitudes to 1500 m; most often in areas of seasonal climate" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 59). In Tonga, "a common waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; pp. 222-223). In New Caledonia, "elle est maintenant largement dispersée sans jamais être abondante" (MacKee, 1994; pp. 19-20); "échappé des jardins depuis 6-7 ans et intestant depuis lors à de grandes distances de Nouméa les terres argileuses humides" (Balansa 238, 1868); "vulgaire dans toute l'Ile" (de Pompéry s.n., 1880).

Propagation:  Plumed seeds that float in the wind (Whistler, 1983; p. 20).

Native range:  Tropical America, widely naturalized in the tropics (Smith, 1988; pp. 109-110).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa American Samoa Islands	American Samoa Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Etal (Ettan) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced invasive	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 56) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 151 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 91) Voucher cited: Ledermann 13480 (BM)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46877 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 109-110) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 891
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 109-110) Voucher cited: DA 8882
Fiji Fiji Islands	Totoya Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 109-110) Voucher cited: DA 13247
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 109-110) Voucher cited: DA 8817
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 109-110) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 198, Smith 4318, Gibbs 592, H.B.R. Parham 110, DA 7698, Tothill 606
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Marquesas Islands		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 45) Voucher cited: E. Murray 71
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 45) Vouchers cited: Moore 687, BRY 26435
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 45) Voucher cited: BRY 26053
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 64)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll	introduced invasive	Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 37)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 33) Uncommon.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuamotu Islands		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 487) Voucher cited: Stone 3894 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 240)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 240)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 240)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 240)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lehua Island	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 19) Caum reported this species as rare but not seen on this survey. Status unknown.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 240)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 240)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 240)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 240)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 29) Collected once in the 1800's but not recorded since.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 77)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 73)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Fosberg 26727 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34068 (US) Occasional escape.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Namu Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 37)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33975 (US) Occasional escape.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. i) Voucher cited: Anderson 3778
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 5) Not observed on this survey. "Hatheway reports that it was brought in experimentally, which seems to have been the case in much of the country, and in most areas, it did not survive; as an attractive ornamental periodically found on Majuro, it could be reintroduced at any time".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 68)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mejit (Mãjej) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 37)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33658 (US) Occasional escape.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 97)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 19-20) Vouchers cited: Sarasin 789 (Z), Däniker 3109, Guinaudeau in MacKee 30076
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 19-20) Voucher cited: MacKee 45879
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 379) Largement dispersée sans jamais être abondante.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 19-20) Vouchers cited: Balansa 238, de Pompéry s.n., MacKee 2735, MacKee 38924
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 19-20) Voucher cited: MacKee 23580
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 100)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Pulo Ana Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 219)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 59)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 7)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 48)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 83)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Scarth-Hohnson 95
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 223) "Common throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 223) Voucher cited: Hülimann 229
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 7) Vouchers cited: Moseley s.n., Lawrence 24, Lawrence 42, Soakai 235
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 223) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15003
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Harvey s.n.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 223) Cited: Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 47)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 7)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (pp. 80, 84)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 84)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 85)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 83)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 83)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 85)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 80)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 34-35)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 10)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced	Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 156) Vouchers cited: Stoddart 810 (K, US), Stoddart 762 (K), Rhyne 612 (US), Wiehe in 1939 (MAU)

Comments:  "Naturalized widely on Guam" (Stone, 1970; p. 487).

Additional information:  Additional online information about Asclepias curassavica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Asclepias curassavica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

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