Thunb., Primulaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: High risk, score: 11 (Go to the risk assessment)
Other Latin names: Ardisia humilis sensu Mez, non Vahl
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: dong fang zi jin niu |
English: duck's eye, ellliptical-leaf ardisia, shoebutton ardisia |
Maori (Cook Islands): venevene tinitō, vine tinitō |
Tahitian: ati popaa, atiu |
Habit: shrub
Description: "Branched shrubs up to 4 m tall, glabrous. Leaves alternate, obovate or oblanceolate, 6-9 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, lateral nerves numerous, not merging into a definite marginal nerve except at lower part of leaf, margins entire, apex obtuse or broadly acute, base cuneate and decurrent on the petiole, petioles 4-8 mm long. Flowering branches 10-20 cm long, leaves scattered along upper half, inflorescences axillary, umbellate to racemose, peduncles 1.5-3 cm long, pedicels ca. 1 cm long; sepals suborbicular, ca. 2 mm long, the surface black punctate, margins hyaline and ciliolate; corolla lobes pale lavender, lanceolate, conspicuously punctate. Drupes red when immature, black at maturity, globose, ca. 5 mm in diameter, densely punctate" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 932-933, 1885).
Habitat/ecology: Moist and wet forests and open areas. "This shade-tolerant, evergreen tree grows rapidly, forming dense monotypic stands that prevent establishment of all other species. The tree is probably not resistant to fire. The species is usually found in wet, lowland areas" in Hawaii (Smith, 1985; p. 185). In Hawaii, "naturalized in disturbed hala forest, mesic forest, and lower portions of wet forest, 5-550 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 932-933, 1885). "Forms dense stands in pastures and disturbed forests" (Motooka et al., 2003). Moist valleys to 500 m in French Polynesia. In the Northern Territory, Australia, "cultivated in gardens and has naturalised in the last 5-10 years. Isolated, naturalised specimens exist in riparian vegetation within areas of dry rainforest associated with the monsoon belt of northern Australia" (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; pp. 25-26).
Propagation: Frugivorous birds are the principal dispersal agents, attracted to the numerous red to blackish fruits.
Native range: Asia (probably Sri Lanka).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Aitutaki Atoll | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Aitutaki Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6)
Voucher: Flynn 7099 (PTBG, BISH, US) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Aitutaki Atoll |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 395)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mauke Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mauke Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
introduced
invasive |
Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 88) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6)
Voucher: Flynn 6995 (PTBG, BISH, US) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 81932)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 163548)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 664853)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia humilis Vahl |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 339)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
|
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 190)
Vouchers cited: Moore 190, BRY 24856, BRY 25379 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Vouchers cited: J. Florence 3393 (PAP), J. Florence 10344 (PAP) Naturalisée, Menace pour la biodiversité |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492092)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642098)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
|
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 190)
Voucher cited: Fosberg & Stone 61301 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 2304 (PAP) Naturalisée. Menace pour la biodiversité. |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493612)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 932-933) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 932-933) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 932-933)
East Maui |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Meidell, J. Scott/Oppenheimer, H. L./Bartlett, R. T. (1998) (p. 7)
West Maui. Voucher cited: Meidell & Oppenheimer 203 (BISH) A serious naturalized pest in lowland mesic and wet forests. |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 932-933) |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 5)
Voucher: Flynn 6930 (PTBG, US, SAMOA) |
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 163547)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 417491)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 325)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 44704)
Taxon name on voucher: Ardisia elliptica |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Northern Territory |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (pp. 25-26) |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
introduced
cultivated |
Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (pp. 25-26) |
Cambodia
Cambodia |
Cambodia (Kingdom of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
introduced
cultivated |
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 117)
Ornamental. |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Japan
Ryukyu Islands |
Ryukyu Islands |
native
|
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) |
Malaysia
Malaysia |
Malaysia (country of) |
native
|
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) |
Singapore
Singapore |
Singapore (Republic of) |
native
|
Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 15)
Endangered |
Taiwan
Taiwan Island |
Taiwan Island |
native
|
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Roadsides, scrub, near villages, edges of fields, along coasts. |
Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Vietnam
Vietnam |
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013) |
Maldives
Maldive Islands |
Maldive Islands | Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 29) | |
Mascarene Islands
Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, La Reunion, Rodrigues) |
Mascarene Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 54) |
Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island |
introduced
invasive |
Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. (2004) (pp. 7, 8) |
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Seychelles Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 54) |
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Seychelles Islands |
introduced
|
Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017) |
Also reported from | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
USA (Florida) |
introduced
invasive |
Francis, John K., ed. (2009) |
Comments: Widespread and probably beyond control in Vailima Reserve, Alaoa and other areas above Apia, Samoa (Space & Flynn, 2002).
Widespread throughout Rarotonga and present to a lesser extent on Mangaia, Cook Islands. There are scattered populations on Aitutaki and Mauke as well (Space & Flynn, 2002).
Naturalized in the Northern Territory, Australia.
On the State of Hawaii and French Polynesia noxious weed lists.
A serious invasive species in hardwood forests and abandoned agricultural land in southern Florida (US) (Randall et al., 1996).
Planting of this species is prohibited in Miami-Dade County, Florida (U.S.) (Hunsberger, 2001).
See also A. crenata.
Control:
Physical: Hand-pull seedlings.
Chemical: "In areas with a dense groundcover of seedlings, a broadcast spray of a glyphosate herbicide is effective, but be careful to avoid damaging desirable plants. Mature specimens should be treated with a basal application of a triclopyhr herbicide mixed with an oil diluent" (Randall et al., 1996; p. 149).
"Susceptible to 2,4-D. Triclopyr, dicamba and metsulfuron not as effective. Spraying regrowth after mowing with 2,4-D very effective. Tebuthiuron at 2 lb/acre effective. Kline and Duquesnel reported good control with triclopyr ester at 10% in diesel applied to basal bark. Glyphosate foliar and triclopyr basal bark effective. Susceptible to very-low volume basal bark applications of Pathfinder II®, a ready-to-use formulation of triclopyr" (Motooka et al., 2003).