Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm., Zingiberaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

High risk, score: 10 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific))
Accept (based on second screen), score 5 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S. (Florida)))

Other Latin names:  Alpinia speciosa (J. C. Wendl.) K. Schum.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: yan shan jiang

English: light galangal, pink porcelain lily, pink porcelain-lily, shell flower, shell ginger

Maori (Cook Islands): kaopu‘i, kaopui, Kōpī ‘enua

Samoan: teuila

Tongan: teuila

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Plant 2.0-4.5 m. Leaves sessile to petiolate, petiole 0-1.0cm long; blade 50-80 x 10-15 cm, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, tip acuminate, base cuneate, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides except for margin and below midrib; ligule 1 cm long, entire or bilobed, coriaceous, outer surface hairy. Inflorescence a thyrse, usually pendulous, glabrous or villose, flower-bearing part 25-45 cm long, lower rachilla 1.2-3.0 cm long, with 2-3(4) flowers, upper ones with 1 flower, without bract. Flowers pedicellate; bracteole white, tip pink, folded around the bud, glabrous, deciduous; calyx white, tip pink, tubular, 2.5 cm long, shortly 3-5-lobed and deeply split unilaterally, minutely pubescent on outer surface; corolla white, tube 2.0 cm long, lobes oblong, outer surface sparsely pubescent, margin ciliate, dorsal lobe 3.5 x 3 cm, laterals 3.0 x 1.8 cm; labellum dark yellow, involute, 4.5 x 4.0 cm, with red stripes and spots at the center, apex emarginate; staminodes linear, 0.3 cm long, with red stripes; anther 1.5 cm long; filament band-form, 1.5 cm long; stigma funnel-form, apex densely hairy; style slender, 5 cm long; epigynous glands massive, united on one side, yellow-brown, 0.4 cm long; ovary green, villose, 0.7 x 0.6 cm. Fruits capsular, red, globose to triangulate, 2.5-3.5 x 2.0-2.3 cm, distinctly costate, villose. Seeds 25-40, angular; aril white, membranous"  (Digital Flora of Taiwan).

"Robust, rhizomatous, clump-forming perennial up to 4 m high; leaves broad, lanceolate, sheathing the stems; inflorescence drooping, showy, fragrant.  Leaves: Bright green, glabrous and shining, up to 600 mm long and 200 mm wide.  Flowers: In racemes up to 400 mm long, main axis very hairy; white, waxy, pink-tinged bracteoles enfold the buds; flowers orchid-like; corolla white, lip to 40 mm, crinkled, yellow, with red and brown variegations.  Fruits: Red capsules"  (Henderson, 2001; p. 40).

Habitat/ecology:  In South Africa, "watercourses, forest margins, roadsides, urban open space in moist, warm, coastal and inland regions" (Henderson, 2001; p. 40). "In Fiji this well-known plant is cultivated or perhaps sparsely naturalized along roadsides near sea level" (Smith, 1979; pp. 214-215). In the Cook Islands, "naturalised; land, lowlands - inland valleys" (McCormack, 2006).

Propagation:  Vegetatively propagating or possibly bird dispersed seed. Aquatic dispersal is also apparently occurring along streams (Oppenheimer, 2008; p. 35).

Native range:  Eastern Asia (East Indies) (Henderson, 2001; p. 40). "New Guinea or some neighboring part of eastern Malesia, but it has long been in cultivation and now occurs in most tropical countries" (Smith, 1979; pp. 214-215).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 111)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 111)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 111)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced	McCormack, Gerald (2011) Naturalized
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 111)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 111)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 63) Voucher cited: M. Takamatsu 614 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 111)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 214-215) Voucher cited: Bierhorst F172 Perhaps sparsely naturalized
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 214-215) Vouchers cited: DA 12360, DA 16085 Perhaps sparsely naturalized
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisé
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisé
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisé
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisé
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5247 (PAP) Naturalisé
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2677 (PAP) "Ornementale commune".
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisé
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5913 (PAP). "Ornementale rare".
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisé
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 9247 (PAP). "Naturalisé en station ombragé". Naturalisé
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 111)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Flynn, Tim/Lorence, David H. (2002) (p. 16) Voucher cited: D. Lorence & T. Flynn 8468 (PTBG, BISH, US) Naturalized on stream banks, forming scattered clumps, in lowland secondary mesic forest.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank (2008) (p. 35) West Maui. Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H30709 (BISH, PTBG), Oppenheimer H60718 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank (2010) (pp. 38-39) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H10809 (BISH, PTBG)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 111)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 76)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 141) Vouchers cited: Delacour s.n., Sarasin 206 (Z), Baumann 15676, MacKee 2666, Blanchon 299 Spontané
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 111)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. Field notes)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 29)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 12) Cultivated only
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	Ching-I Peng, ed. (2011) "Widely distributed at low altitudes throughout the island and the adjacent islets. ".
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Comments:  Reported as possibly an invasive plant in the Galápagos Islands per Charles Darwin Research Station.

Additional information:
Additional online information about Alpinia zerumbet is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Alpinia zerumbet as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Alpinia zerumbet may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Ching-I Peng, ed. 2011. Digital flora of Taiwan (online resource).

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Flynn, Tim/Lorence, David H. 2002. Additions to the flora of the Hawaiian Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 69:14-16.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Henderson, Lesley. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants. Plant Protection Research Institute Agricultural Research Council [South Africa]. 300 pp.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

Oppenheimer, Hank. 2008. New Hawaiian plant records for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:22-38.

Oppenheimer, Hank. 2010. New Hawaiian plant records from Maui County for 2008. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2008. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 107:33-40.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawai‘i. 227 pp.

Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 392:1-223.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).