Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don, Araceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Alocasia indica (Lour.) Spach ; Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte; Arum indicum Lour.; Arum macrorrhizon L.; Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: papao-apaka, papao-atulong, piga

Chinese: re ya hai yu

Chuukese: fine, kä, ka, ka, ka, kká, kká, oht, oot, puna, pween, pwerik

English: ape, cunjevoi, Egyptian lily, elephant's ear, giant alocasia, giant taro, pai, taro, western yam, wild taro

Fijian: via, via nganga, viadidi, viamila, viandini, viandranu, viasori

French: alocasie

Hawaiian: ‘ape

I-Kiribati: te kabe

Kosraean: unog

Mangarevan: appe, kape, taru

Maori (Cook Islands): kape

Marshallese: majol wot, ot, wat, wot, wõt

Niuean: kape

Other: ape, appai, yappai

Palauan: bisech ra Belau, bisen

Pohnpeian: ohd, oht, oth, sepwikin

Samoan: ‘ape, ‘ape, ta‘amć, ta‘amć

Satawalese: file

Spanish: camacho, malanga

Tahitian: ape, ‘ape

Tokelauan: tāmu

Tongan: kape

Tuvaluan: tamu

Ulithian: fole

Wallisian: kape, kape

Yapese: chaf, file, file, lai, la‘iy

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Large herbs up to 5 m tall; stems erect, up to 1 m long and 20 cm in diameter.  Leaf blades ovate-triangular, anterior lobe 25-120 cm long, 20-90 cm wide, posterior lobes 12-40 cm long, 1/4-1/2 as long as anterior lobe, primary lateral veins 4-7 per side, petioles 75-130 cm long, cataphylls persistent, 25-95 cm long.  Inflorescences 2 to several together, subtended by bracts, peduncles 20-45 cm long; spathe whitish to yellowish, oblong, 13-35 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, constricted ca. 4 cm from base to form a tube up to 2 cm in diameter, upper part deciduous or withering; spadix nearly as long as spathe, 11-32 cm long, pistillate portion 1-2.5 cm long, sterile staminate portion 0.5-2 cm long, fertile staminate portion 2-7 cm long, terminal appendage 7.5-21 cm long.  Berries scarlet, ovoid, 8-10 mm long, 5-8 mm in diameter"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1356).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "cultivated and now naturalized in low elevation mesic valleys, primarily along streams or in other wet sites"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1356). In Fiji, "it was probably an aboriginal introduction, now abundantly naturalized in damp places and along river banks from near sea level to 600 m or higher" (Smith, 1979; p. 455).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Exact place of origin unknown, occurring from India and Sri Lanka through southeastern Asia to Polynesia, cultivated widely in the tropics and used as a famine food in some areas" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1356).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 47)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 37108) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) D. Don
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 47)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 40472) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 108)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 2331 (US), Fosberg 31618 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1932 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Corwin PC-43-2A (USNM), Corwin PC-43-3a (USNM), Corwin PC-43-5 (USNM), Fosberg 31375 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 16)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Evans 2424 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manuae Atoll (Northern Cook Islands)	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Nassau Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Suwarrow (Taka) Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) Observed in survey, no herbarium record. Also as Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) Also as Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Etal (Ettan) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	East Fayu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 29)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll		Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 53)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pulusuk Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 6)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 34) Vouchers cited: B. Ekiek 71 (NY, PTBG), B. Ekiek 100 (NY, PTBG), F. R. Fosberg 69 (BISH), Lorence 8095 (PTBG), S. E. Riesenberg 69 (BISH), F. Sohl 17 (NY, PTBG), M. Takamatsu 765 (BISH), N. S. Tangalin 1246 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1999) (voucher ID: PTBG 34549) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 28680) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) D. Don
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Eauripik Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 4) "Commonly planted in village and in small clearings, spontaneous in coconut plantation on plateau. Leave reaching large size in favorable places. This is one of the few places where this aroid is planted for food". Vouchers cited: Evans 386 (US), Fosberg 46696 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Pulap (Pwonnap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89) ?
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46869 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Sorol Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (pp. 67-68)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 456)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 456)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 456) Vouchers cited: Weiner 2, St. John 18374, R.A. Lever s.n. [1943]
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Fosberg 11039 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Alocasia plumbea K. Koch ex L. van Houtte Cultivée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39298) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) D. Don
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39860) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) D. Don
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39330) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) D. Don
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 40889) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhizos
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 19)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10328 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2242 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 119)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89) Also var. rubra (Hassk.) Furtado
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2000) (p. 10) Voucher cited: C. Imada 99-32 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 640391) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island		Bishop Museum (U.S.A. Hawaii. Honolulu.) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 448954) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll		Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 9) "Found around villages and in coconut plantations on many islets". Vouchers cited: Sachet 21685 (US), Fosberg 26756 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 104)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujelang Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujelang Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) "Planted around villages, and spontaneous in cocnut plantations, also a weed in taro pits". Voucher cited: Fosberg 34145 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) "Planted around villages, and spontaneous in cocnut plantations, also a weed in taro pits". Voucher cited: Fosberg 33970 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. i) Voucher cited: Anderson 3733
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 2) "Of all the plants, this may be the one causing the most trouble to people and the environment".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 25) "Found naturalized in taro pits, other moist garden areas and under neglected coconut plantations in Laura; also found as a planted ornamental".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mejit (Mãjej) Island		Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A4) Uncommon; in few uncultivated areas on Mili, Tokewa.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Barrau s.n.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Balansa 758, MacKee 21921; also as As Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte. Voucher cited: MacKee 40480
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 221)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 221) Voucher cited: CHR 169959
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. (1996) (p. 15)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 62)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1958) (voucher ID: BNM 860) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 185) In old clearings and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 25) Vouchers cited: St. John 15029, Fosberg 11262
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 76)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Unknown (year unknown)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 25)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Ditches and wet areas of farmlands and wastelands, never away from human disturbance; sea-level to 800 m.
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 298) In forests.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 12) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Ditches and wet areas of farmlands and wastelands, never away from human disturbance; sea-level to 800 m.

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 103)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	cultivated	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 19)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 147) Vouchers cited: Stoddart 827 (K, US), Rhyne 745 (US)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (pp. 23, 31)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Rivers, Julie (2004) (pp. 1, 6) As Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 23791) Taxon name on voucher: Alocasia macrorrhizos
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Alphonse Island		Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 179) Voucher cited: Robertson 2889 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 146)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52181 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	D'Arros Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Stoddart 7206 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Desnoeufs Island		Wilson, J. R. (1983) (p. 208)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 46)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Marie-Louise Island		Wilson, J. R. (1983) (p. 189)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Poivre Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 167)

Additional information:
Information from the ASEAN Tropical Plant Database.

Additional online information about Alocasia macrorrhizos is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Alocasia macrorrhizos as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Alocasia macrorrhizos may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

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