Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott, Araceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Arum macrorrhizon L., Alocasia indica Schott, Arum indicum Lour., Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: fine, kä, ka, ka, kka, kka, oht, oot, pween, pwerik

English: ape, cunjevoi, Egyptian lily, elephant's ear, giant alocasia, giant taro, pai

Fijian: via, via nganga, viamila, viandini, viandranu, viasori

French: alocasie

Hawaiian: ‘ape

I-Kiribati: te kabe

Maori (Cook Islands): kape

Marshallese: majol wot, ot, wat, wot, wõt

Niuean: kape

Other: ape, appai, yappai

Palauan: bisech ra Belau

Pohnpeian: oht

Samoan: ta‘amu

Satawalese: file

Spanish: malanga

Tahitian: ape, ‘ape

Tongan: kape

Ulithian: fole

Yapese: file, file, lai, la‘iy

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Large herbs up to 5 m tall; stems erect, up to 1 m long and 20 cm in diameter.  Leaf blades ovate-triangular, anterior lobe 25-120 cm long, 20-90 cm wide, posterior lobes 12-40 cm long, 1/4-1/2 as long as anterior lobe, primary lateral veins 4-7 per side, petioles 75-130 cm long, cataphylls persistent, 25-95 cm long.  Inflorescences 2 to several together, subtended by bracts, peduncles 20-45 cm long; spathe whitish to yellowish, oblong, 13-35 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, constricted ca. 4 cm from base to form a tube up to 2 cm in diameter, upper part deciduous or withering; spadix nearly as long as spathe, 11-32 cm long, pistillate portion 1-2.5 cm long, sterile staminate portion 0.5-2 cm long, fertile staminate portion 2-7 cm long, terminal appendage 7.5-21 cm long.  Berries scarlet, ovoid, 8-10 mm long, 5-8 mm in diameter"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1356).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "cultivated and now naturalized in low elevation mesic valleys, primarily along streams or in other wet sites"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1356). In Fiji, "it was probably an aboriginal introduction, now abundantly naturalized in damp places and along river banks from near sea level to 600 m or higher" (Smith, 1979; p. 455).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Exact place of origin unknown, occurring from India and Sri Lanka through southeastern Asia to Polynesia, cultivated widely in the tropics and used as a famine food in some areas" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1356).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 2331 (US), Fosberg 31618 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1932 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Corwin PC-43-2A (USNM), Corwin PC-43-3a (USNM), Corwin PC-43-5 (USNM), Fosberg 31375 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 16)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Evans 2424 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manuae Atoll (Northern Cook Islands)	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Nassau Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Suwarrow Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Etal (Ettan) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	East Fayu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 29)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll		Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 53)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pulusuk Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Lorence 8095 (PTBG)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Eauripik Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 4) "Commonly planted in village and in small clearings, spontaneous in coconut plantation on plateau. Leave reaching large size in favorable places. This is one of the few places where this aroid is planted for food". Vouchers cited: Evans 386 (US), Fosberg 46696 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Pulap (Pwonnap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89) ?
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46869 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Sorol Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (pp. 67-68)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 456)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 456)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 456) Vouchers cited: Weiner 2, St. John 18374, R.A. Lever s.n. [1943]
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 19)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 119)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89) Also var. rubra (Hassk.) Furtado
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2000) (p. 10) Voucher cited: C. Imada 99-32 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll		Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 9) "Found around villages and in coconut plantations on many islets". Vouchers cited: Sachet 21685 (US), Fosberg 26756 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 104)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujelang Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujelang Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) "Planted around villages, and spontaneous in cocnut plantations, also a weed in taro pits". Voucher cited: Fosberg 34145 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) "Planted around villages, and spontaneous in cocnut plantations, also a weed in taro pits". Voucher cited: Fosberg 33970 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. i) Voucher cited: Anderson 3733
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 2) "Of all the plants, this may be the one causing the most trouble to people and the environment".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 25) "Found naturalized in taro pits, other moist garden areas and under neglected coconut plantations in Laura; also found as a planted ornamental".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mejit (Mãjej) Island		Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 17) Voucher cited: Barrau s.n.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Balansa 758, MacKee 21921
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 221)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 221) Voucher cited: CHR 169959
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. (1996) (p. 15)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 25) Vouchers cited: St. John 15029, Fosberg 11262
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 76)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 103)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	cultivated	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 19)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 147) Vouchers cited: Stoddart 827 (K, US), Rhyne 745 (US)

Additional information:  Additional online information about Alocasia macrorrhizos is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Alocasia macrorrhizos may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1969. Plants of Satawal Island, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 132. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 13 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. 1969. A collection of plants from Fais, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 133. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. Raymond. 1990. A review of the natural history of the Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 330. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 100 pp.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. 2000. New Hawaiian plant records for 1999. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 63:9-16.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1998. Checklist of the plants of Pohnpei. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 21 pp.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 189. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 53 pp + photos.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Merlin, M./Juvik, J. 1996. Irá me neeniier nón Chuuk: Plants and their Environments in Chuuk. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp. .

Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. 1996. Giddi nge gakiiy nu Wa‘ab: Plants, People and Ecology in Yap State. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 40:1-69. .

Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. 1996. A botanical reconnaissance of the proposed Compact-impact road alignment on Babeldaob Island, Republic of Palau. U. of Guam Herbarium Cont. No. 32. 78 pp.

Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. 494 pp.

St. John, H. 1987. An account of the flora of Pitcairn Island with new Pandanus species. Honolulu, 65 pp.

Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 908 pp.

Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. 1971. Geography and ecology of Diego Garcia Atoll, Chagos Archipelago. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 149. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 237 pp.

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