Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

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Alocasia macrorrhizos
(L.) Schott, Araceae
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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Arum macrorrhizon L., Alocasia indica Schott, Arum indicum Lour., Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: fine, kä, ka, ka, kka, kka, oht, oot, pween, pwerik

English: ape, cunjevoi, Egyptian lily, elephant's ear, giant alocasia, giant taro, pai

Fijian: via, via nganga, viamila, viandini, viandranu, viasori

French: alocasie

Hawaiian: ‘ape

I-Kiribati: te kabe

Maori (Cook Islands): kape

Marshallese: majol wot, ot, wat, wot, wõt

Niuean: kape

Other: ape, appai, yappai

Palauan: bisech ra Belau

Pohnpeian: oht

Samoan: ta‘amu

Satawalese: file

Spanish: malanga

Tahitian: ape, ‘ape

Tongan: kape

Ulithian: fole

Yapese: file, file, lai, la‘iy

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Large herbs up to 5 m tall; stems erect, up to 1 m long and 20 cm in diameter.  Leaf blades ovate-triangular, anterior lobe 25-120 cm long, 20-90 cm wide, posterior lobes 12-40 cm long, 1/4-1/2 as long as anterior lobe, primary lateral veins 4-7 per side, petioles 75-130 cm long, cataphylls persistent, 25-95 cm long.  Inflorescences 2 to several together, subtended by bracts, peduncles 20-45 cm long; spathe whitish to yellowish, oblong, 13-35 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, constricted ca. 4 cm from base to form a tube up to 2 cm in diameter, upper part deciduous or withering; spadix nearly as long as spathe, 11-32 cm long, pistillate portion 1-2.5 cm long, sterile staminate portion 0.5-2 cm long, fertile staminate portion 2-7 cm long, terminal appendage 7.5-21 cm long.  Berries scarlet, ovoid, 8-10 mm long, 5-8 mm in diameter"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1356).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "cultivated and now naturalized in low elevation mesic valleys, primarily along streams or in other wet sites"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1356). In Fiji, "it was probably an aboriginal introduction, now abundantly naturalized in damp places and along river banks from near sea level to 600 m or higher" (Smith, 1979; p. 455).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Exact place of origin unknown, occurring from India and Sri Lanka through southeastern Asia to Polynesia, cultivated widely in the tropics and used as a famine food in some areas" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1356).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. &
Island group
Location Cited status &
Cited as invasive &
Cited as cultivated &
Cited as aboriginal introduction?
Reference &
Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Agrigan (Agrihan) Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Agrigan (Agrihan) Island introduced
abo. intro.
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17)
Vouchers cited: Falanruw 2331 (US), Fosberg 31618 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Alamagan Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Alamagan Island introduced
abo. intro.
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17)
Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1932 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Anatahan Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Pagan Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Pagan Island introduced
abo. intro.
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17)
Vouchers cited: Corwin PC-43-2A (USNM), Corwin PC-43-3a (USNM), Corwin PC-43-5 (USNM), Fosberg 31375 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Rota Island   Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 16)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Saipan Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Sarigan Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Sarigan Island introduced
abo. intro.
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 17)
Voucher cited: Evans 2424 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands
Tinian Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Cook Islands
Northern Cook Islands
Manuae Atoll (Northern Cook Islands) introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Northern Cook Islands
Nassau Island introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Northern Cook Islands
Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Northern Cook Islands
Rakahanga Atoll introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Northern Cook Islands
Suwarrow Atoll introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands
‘Atiu Island introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands
Mangaia Island introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands
Ma‘uke Island introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands
Miti‘aro Island introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands
Palmerston (Avarau) Island introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands
Rarotonga Island introduced
abo. intro.
McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Dublon (Tonowas) Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Etal (Ettan) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
East Fayu Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll   Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 29)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll   Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 53)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Pulusuk Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Satawan Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands
Weno (Moen) Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island
Kosrae Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands
Ant Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands
Kapingamarangi Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands
Mokil Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands
Nukuoro Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands
Pingelap Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands
Pohnpei Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands
Pohnpei Island introduced
cultivated
Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands
Pohnpei Island   Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 6)
Voucher cited: Lorence 8095 (PTBG)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Eauripik Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Fais Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Fais Island introduced
invasive
cultivated
Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 4)
"Commonly planted in village and in small clearings, spontaneous in coconut plantation on plateau. Leave reaching large size in favorable places. This is one of the few places where this aroid is planted for food". Vouchers cited: Evans 386 (US), Fosberg 46696 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Lamotrek Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Pulap (Pwonnap) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
?
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Satawal Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Satawal Island introduced
invasive
Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 4)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 46869 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Sorol Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Ulithi Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Woleai Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Yap (Waqab) Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands
Yap (Waqab) Island   Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (pp. 67-68)
Fiji
Fiji Islands
Taveuni Island introduced
invasive
abo. intro.
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 456)
Fiji
Fiji Islands
Vanua Levu Island introduced
invasive
abo. intro.
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 456)
Fiji
Fiji Islands
Viti Levu Island introduced
invasive
abo. intro.
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 456)
Vouchers cited: Weiner 2, St. John 18374, R.A. Lever s.n. [1943]
French Polynesia
Society Islands
Huahine Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia
Society Islands
Maupiti (Maurua) Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia
Society Islands
Maupiti (Maurua) Island   Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 19)
French Polynesia
Society Islands
Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia
Society Islands
Moorea Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia
Society Islands
Raiatea (Havai) Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
French Polynesia
Society Islands
Tahiti Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 8)
Guam
Guam Island
Guam Island introduced
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 119)
Guam
Guam Island
Guam Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Also var. rubra (Hassk.) Furtado
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands
Hawai‘i (Big) Island introduced
invasive
abo. intro.
Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2000) (p. 10)
Voucher cited: C. Imada 99-32 (BISH)
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands
Kaua‘i Island introduced
invasive
cultivated
abo. intro.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands
Maui Island introduced
invasive
cultivated
abo. intro.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands
Moloka‘i Island introduced
invasive
cultivated
abo. intro.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands
O‘ahu Island introduced
invasive
cultivated
abo. intro.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1356, 1358)
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain
Ebon (Epoon) Atoll   Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain
Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain
Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll introduced
abo. intro.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 9)
"Found around villages and in coconut plantations on many islets". Vouchers cited: Sachet 21685 (US), Fosberg 26756 (US)
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain
Kili (Kõle) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll introduced
cultivated
Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 104)
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain
Ujelang Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain
Ujelang Atoll introduced
invasive
cultivated
abo. intro.
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6)
"Planted around villages, and spontaneous in cocnut plantations, also a weed in taro pits". Voucher cited: Fosberg 34145 (US)
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain
Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain
Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll introduced
abo. intro.
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6)
"Planted around villages, and spontaneous in cocnut plantations, also a weed in taro pits". Voucher cited: Fosberg 33970 (US)
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain
Arno Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain
Arno Atoll   Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. i)
Voucher cited: Anderson 3733
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain
Arno Atoll introduced
invasive
abo. intro.
Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 2)
"Of all the plants, this may be the one causing the most trouble to people and the environment".
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll introduced
invasive
cultivated
abo. intro.
Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 25)
"Found naturalized in taro pits, other moist garden areas and under neglected coconut plantations in Laura; also found as a planted ornamental".
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain
Mejit (Mãjej) Island   Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)
Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll) introduced
cultivated
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 17)
Voucher cited: Barrau s.n.
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago
Île Grande Terre introduced
invasive
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 17)
Vouchers cited: Balansa 758, MacKee 21921
New Zealand (offshore islands)
Kermadec Islands
Raoul Island introduced
invasive
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 221)
Niue
Niue
Niue Island introduced
cultivated
abo. intro.
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 221)
Voucher cited: CHR 169959
Palau
Palau (main island group)
Babeldaob Island introduced
invasive
Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. (1996) (p. 15)
Palau
Palau (main island group)
Koror Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Palau
Palau (main island group)
Peleliu Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Palau
Rock Islands
Ngeanges Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Palau
Sonsorol Group
Sonsorol Island introduced
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 89)
Philippines
Philippine Islands
Philippine Islands native
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Island introduced
St. John, H. (1987) (p. 25)
Vouchers cited: St. John 15029, Fosberg 11262
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands native
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Tonga
Tonga Islands
Tonga Islands introduced
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 76)
Tonga
Vava‘u Group
Late Island introduced
Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Vanuatu
New Hebrides Islands
Vanuatu (Republic of)   Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. &
Island group
Location Cited status &
Cited as invasive &
Cited as cultivated &
Cited as aboriginal introduction?
Reference &
Comments
Australia
Australia (continental)
Queensland native
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia (Republic of) native
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia (country of) native
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. &
Island group
Location Cited status &
Cited as invasive &
Cited as cultivated &
Cited as aboriginal introduction?
Reference &
Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Christmas Island Group
Christmas Island introduced
cultivated
Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 103)
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago
Diego Garcia Island cultivated
Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 19)
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago
Diego Garcia Island   Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 147)
Vouchers cited: Stoddart 827 (K, US), Rhyne 745 (US)

Additional information:  Additional online information about Alocasia macrorrhizos is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Alocasia macrorrhizos may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1969. Plants of Satawal Island, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 132. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 13 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. 1969. A collection of plants from Fais, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 133. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Fosberg, F. Raymond. 1990. A review of the natural history of the Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 330. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 100 pp.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. 2000. New Hawaiian plant records for 1999. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 63:9-16.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1998. Checklist of the plants of Pohnpei. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 21 pp.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 189. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 53 pp + photos.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

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This page was created on 3 DEC 2007 and was last updated on 7 DEC 2007.