L., Apocynaceae
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L., Apocynaceae |
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Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Threat only at high elevations? no
Other Latin names: Allamanda hendersonii Bull ex Dombrain
Includes: Allamanda cathartica cv. 'Hendersonii'
Common name(s): [more details]
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English: allamanda, brownbud allamanda, cup of gold, golden allamanda, golden cup, golden trumpet, yellow allamanda, yellow trumpet vine |
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French: allamanda, canari, liane jaune, liane s'aime, monette jaune |
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Maori (Cook Islands): ‘aramena, pua, puapua, pūpua, pupua, tiare rengarenga |
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Samoan: pua taunofo, pua taunofo, puataunofo |
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Spanish: copa de oro |
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Tahitian: piti |
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Tongarevan (spoken): tiale lenga |
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Tongarevan (written): tiare renga |
Habit: vine
Description: "Shrub with scandent branches or all climbing. Leaves in whorls of 4 or 3 or some opposite; petioles 2-3 mm long; blades obovate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 x 2.5-6 cm, base narrowed, apex acuminate, margin entire, leathery. Flowers with calyx eglandular; corolla 7-9 cm long, 5-7.5 cm across, bright yellow. Capsules globose, 4 cm in diameter, densely covered with soft spines 1 cm long; seeds compressed, tan, slightly margined" (Howard, 1989; p. 100).
"Climbing shrub; leaves whorled, oblong-lanceolate, acute-acuminate, 8-15 cm long, mostly 4-5 cm wide; inflorescence of about 10 flowers; corolla tube 4 cm long (or more), the spreading lobes totaling 6-7 cm wide (or more), bright yellow; stamens very short; capsules (very rare in cultivation)" (Stone, 1970; p. 477).
"A scrambling plant which may form a shrub-like clump or climb into nearby vegetation (clumps are usually 2 m tall and 2-3 m wide). Several cultivars have been developed for gardens (depending on the cultivar, flower colour ranges from pink to yellow)" (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 92). Also, small- and large-flowered forms (Stone, 1970; p. 477).
Habitat/ecology: In Fiji, "abundantly cultivated near sea level and occasionally naturalized" (Smith, 1988; p. 100). In New Caledonia, "très commun comme plante ornementale" (MacKee, 1994). Arid lowlands and moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 318).
Moist, well-drained sunny soils. "A weed of roadsides in the 'wet tropics' region of north Queensland [Australia]" (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 92).
Propagation: Seeds and cuttings.
Native range: Brazil and Guyana, South America
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
American Samoa
Manu‘a Islands |
Olosega Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 42) |
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American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 32) |
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American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 129955)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Northern Mariana Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88) | |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Aitutaki Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 73) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
‘Atiu Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 78) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
‘Atiu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 665034)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 84) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 63) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Chuuk Islands |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 129961)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Dublon (Tonowas) Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Dublon (Tonowas) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 78109)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 55)
Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 296 (GUAM) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 78108)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 649341)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda hendersonii Bull. |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 11) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 78111)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 78114)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
introduced
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Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 90)
Voucher cited: Kanehira 1535 (NY); var. hendersonii (Bull.) Baile & Raffill, voucher cited Glassman 2721 (US) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 78110)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 129959)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 129960)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88) | |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1988) (p. 101)
Cv. Hendersonii. Vouchers cited: Greenwood 1195, DA 16785, DA 11553 Occasionally naturalized. |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 33454)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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French Polynesia
French Polynesia Islands |
French Polynesia Islands |
cultivated
|
Welsh, S. L. (1998) |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Grant, Martin Lawrence;Fosberg, F. Raymond/Smith, Howard M. (1974) (p. 39)
Voucher cited: Mumford & Adamson 407 (BISH) |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Huahine Island |
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 6)
var. hendersonii (Bull) Rafill |
|
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 33)
Voucher cited: Grant 4112 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island | Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 6) | |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 649185)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
|
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 33)
Vouchers cited: Moore 273, Moore 320 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Grant, Martin Lawrence;Fosberg, F. Raymond/Smith, Howard M. (1974) (p. 39)
Voucher cited: Moore 273 (BISH, MIN) |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Taha‘a Island |
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 6)
var. hendersonii (Bull) Rafill |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 33)
Vouchers cited: Florence 2243, BRY 24803 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Grant, Martin Lawrence;Fosberg, F. Raymond/Smith, Howard M. (1974) (p. 39)
Voucher cited: Grant 4112 (BISH, MIN) |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491503)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
|
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French Polynesia
Tubuai (Austral) Islands |
Rurutu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 404872)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
|
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French Polynesia
Tubuai (Austral) Islands |
Rurutu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 552837)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
|
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French Polynesia
Tubuai (Austral) Islands |
Tubuai (Tupuai) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 404871)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
|
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 477)
Vouchers cited: Stone 4271 (GUAM), Stone 4404 (GUAM) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 129956)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
|
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 649339)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawai‘i (Big) Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaho‘olawe Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaua‘i Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Lāna‘i Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Moloka‘i Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Ni‘ihau Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (pp. 118-119) |
|
Japan (offshore islands)
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
introduced
|
Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) |
|
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Tarawa Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213)
Not seen by Space & Imada, 2004. |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 98) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 64) |
|
Nauru
Nauru Island |
Nauru Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 90)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 58697 (US) |
|
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 15)
Voucher cited: MacKee 21468 |
|
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 44)
Voucher cited: CHR 168844 |
|
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 7) |
|
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 96)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 9937 (BISH) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 84) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 650470)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
|
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 661161)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
|
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 213) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 79) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 129957)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda cathartica L. |
|
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 571483)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda hendersonii Bull. |
|
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 649343)
Taxon name on voucher: Allamanda hendersonii Bull. |
|
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 79) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 79) |
|
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
cultivated |
St. John, H. (1987) (p. 46)
Voucher cited: Fosberg & B. Christian 11182 |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Savai‘i Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 69) |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 65) |
|
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
introduced
cultivated |
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 45) |
|
Tonga
Ha‘apai Group |
Lifuka and Foa Islands |
introduced
cultivated |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 70) |
|
Tonga
Tonga Islands |
Tonga Islands |
introduced
cultivated |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 218)
"Frequent in villages". |
| Pacific Rim | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
introduced
invasive |
Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 92) |
| Indian Ocean | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Christmas Island Group |
Christmas Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 102) |
|
La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Lavergne, Christophe (2006)
"Cultivé" |
Comments: Widely cultivated. Invasive in northern Queensland, Australia.
Additional information: Additional online information about Allamanda cathartica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Taxonomic information about Allamanda cathartica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 129955 (Christophersen, E. 1258).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 404871 (Fosberg, F.R. 11852).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 404872 (Fosberg, F.R. 11881).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 78108 (Takamatsu, M. 212).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 78109 (Takamatsu, M. 309).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 78110 (Takamatsu, M. 757).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 78111 (Takamatsu, M. 426).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 78114 (Takamatsu, M. 476).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 129959 (Wong, Y.C. 51).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 129961 (Wong, C.Y. 255).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 129960 (Glassman, S.F. 2721).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 129957 (Fosberg, F.R. 32252).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 129956 (Stone, B.C.M. 4271).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 649339 (Evans, M. 1777).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 649343 (Blackburn, B.S. E102).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 571483 (Salsedo, C.A. 60).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 33454 (Smith, A.C. 16785).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 649341 (Fosberg, F.R. 60300).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491503 (Florence, J. 2243).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 649185 (Fosberg, F.R. 63678).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 552837 (Florence, J. 6118).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 665034 (Sykes, W.R. 474834).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 650470 (Falanruw, M.V.C. LR 26588).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 661161 (J.V.Ward 248).
Boiteau, Pierre. 1981. Apocynacées. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Vol. 10, 302 pp.
Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. 208 pp.
Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.
Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.
Grant, Martin Lawrence;Fosberg, F. Raymond/Smith, Howard M. 1974. Partial flora of the Society Islands: Ericaceae to Apocynaceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 17. 85 pp.
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.
Howard, Richard A. 1989. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Vol. 6 Dicotyledoneae-Part 3 Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. 658 pp.
Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.
Lavergne, Christophe. 2006. List des especes exotiques envahissantes a La Reunion. Unpublished manuscript (Excel file). .
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 2005. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 23 pp.
MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.
McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.
McMullen, C. K. 1999. Flowering plants of the Galápagos. Comstock Pub. Assoc., Ithaca, N.Y. 370 p.
Smith, Albert C. 1988. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 4. 377 pp.
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Report to the Government of Niue on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 34 pp.
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