Ageratum conyzoides L., Asteraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Bicolano: kulong-kogong-babae

Bontoc: budbuda, kakalding

Chamorro: mumutung

Chuukese: olloowaisiip

English: ageratum, billygoat-weed, blue top, goatweed, Mother Brinkly, tropic ageratum, whiteweed, winter weed

Fijian: botebotekoro, mata mothemothe, mbotembotekoro, sogovanua, songovanua

Filipino: bahu-bahu, bahug-bahug

French: azier françois, baume, baume blanc, baume mauve, bouton, herbe de bouc

Hawaiian: maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kula

Ibatan: kamabuag

Kwara‘ae: belohanua

Niuean: sekose sea, tekote tea

Palauan: ngmak

Pangasinan: asipukpuk

Samoan: a‘amia, lau taioti, tae‘oti

Spanish: chuva, huarmi

Tagalog: bulak-manok, kolokong-kabayo

Tahitian: maire vaihi

Tongan: te‘ehosi

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Erect herb; young stems pubescent; leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute at apex, acute to obtuse or subcordately rounded at base, pubescent on both surfaces, glandular dorsally, 2-10 cm long, 1-56 cm wide, on petiole 1-5 cm long; heads corymbose 4-6 mm long; involucre subglabrous, bracts acute-acuminate, 3 mm long; florets about 75 per head; corolla about 1 mm long, white or blue-purplish, included in the involucre; style-branches exserted, achenes 1.5-2 mm long, nearly glabrous"  (Stone, 1970; p. 580).

Habitat/ecology:  "Billygoat weed is a prolific ephemeral herb...  It occurs as a major to intermediate weed of frequently-disturbed areas, such as vegetables and other cultivated crops, pastures (especially when overgrazed), plantations, orchards and roadsides throughout the region.  It thrives best in rich, moist, mineral soils with high air humidities, and tolerates shade.  The drier and less fertile conditions of atoll agriculture do not suit the plant so well; it is only a minor weed in Niue and appears to be absent from other atolls"  (Swarbrick, 1997).  "Common as a weed in sunny, disturbed places and croplands"  (Whistler, 1988; p. 9).  "A weed in many crops in the tropics and subtropics.  Displaces forages in humid pastures and understory plants in disturbed forests.  Seeds reportedly stick in the throats of livestock and can choke and kill them"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

In Hawai‘i, "a widespread and often common weed, from sea level to at least 1,300 m  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 255).  In Fiji, occasionally cultivated but most often seen in Fiji as an abundantly naturalized weed at elevations from near sea level to about 950 m in clearings, cultivated areas, grassland, and forest, often along trails and roads" (Smith, 1991; p. 296).  Not common in Niue (Sykes, 1970). Moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 271). In Guam, "a weed of waste ground" (Stone, 1970; p. 580). In New Guinea, "a common weed of roadsides, cultivation, waste land, plantations and pasture. From sea level to about 2000 m" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 63). In Tonga, "a frequent plantation and waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 266).

Propagation:  Seed.  "It may produce 40,000 seeds per plant and in some areas one-half of the seeds will germinate shortly after they are shed.  Seeds are mainly spread by wind and water and will germinate under a wide range of conditions"  (Holm et al., 1977; p. 148).

Native range:  Central and South America (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 255), now a world-wide weed.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Garber 1021
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Harris 194, Harris 330, Harris 379, Yuncker 9124, Whistler 1364Vouchers cited:
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 1)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 205)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 18) "An occasional weed, originally escaped from cultivation". Vouchers cited: J. Pickard 3352 (NSW), J. Pickard 2843 (NSW), G. Uhe 1327 (K)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 7) "An occasional weed, originally escaped from cultivation". Vouchers cited: G.R. Quintal (BRI), G. Uhe 1108 (K), I. Robinson (NSW)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Falanruw 2322 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 31688 (US, BISH), Falanruw 1946 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1638 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 64) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58844
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1849 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 67)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31413 (US, BISH)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1784 (US), Valanruw 1722 (US), Evans 2414 (US), Evans 2356 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Alcedo	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Cerro Azul	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcan Sierra Negra	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Pinta Group	Pinta Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	probably introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced invasive	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 61) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 133 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Lorence 7858 (PTBG)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 97) Voucher cited: Glassman 2408 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 16) Voucher cited: Lorence 8099 (PTBG)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282) Not seen by Fosberg & Evans, 1969 (p. 14)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 889
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Voucher cited: Moseley s. n.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Voucher cited: Bryan 316e
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Voucher cited: Smith 7991
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Voucher cited: Milne 244
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Voucher cited: Weiner 71-7-14A
Fiji Fiji Islands	Totoya Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Voucher cited: Milne 75
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Vouchers cited: DA 8784, Smith 1828, DA 10762
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Voucher cited: DA 10210
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 19A, Smith 4258, Parks 20625, DA 10169, dA 14616, DA 10541, Parks 20170, DA 9549, DA 10055, DA 11081, DA 9935, DA 10605, H.B.R. Parham 309
Fiji Fiji Islands	Wakaya Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 296) Voucher cited: Milne 39
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Marquesas Islands	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 69)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 14)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 69) Voucher cited: D. Bare 66
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 14)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 34) Voucher cited: Sachet 946 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 69) Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Sachet 63385, Moore 219, BRY 26466a
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 69) Voucher cited: BRY 26393
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 69) Vouchers cited: BRY 25471, BRY 25768, BRY 26050, BRY 26340
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Austral) Islands		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 580) Voucher cited: Stone 3878 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 255-256)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 255-256)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 255-256)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 255-256)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lehua Island	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Flynn et al. 4860 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 255-256)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 255-256)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 255-256)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 255-256)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 289) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Fosberg 39485 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 99)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 98) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58652 (US), Thaman & Manner 11 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9574 (BRIU)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Deplanche 218
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 31) Voucher cited: MacKee 45924
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 379) Rudérale, nombreuses localités
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 31) Vouchers cited: Védel s.n., Vieillard 789, MacKee 23402, MacKee 23931, MacKee 23932, MacKee 31210, Hoff 976, MacKee 45064
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Germain s.n.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 62) Vouchers cited: CHR 170420, CHR 170427, CHR 170422
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 9)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 26)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 116) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9882 (BISH), Yuncker 10072 (BISH) "Occasional along roadsides".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 38)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 103)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 100)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 282)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 96)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngchus Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 108)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 59)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	probably introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. Field notes.)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. Field notes.)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 9)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 44)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 9)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 266) "Frequent throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 266) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15424, Yuncker 15642
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 266) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15239
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 348)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 43)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 9)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 150-153)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	probably introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (pp. 172, 178)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 150-153)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 10)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	probably introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	probably introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	probably introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 10)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 150-153)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	probably introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (pp. 172, 178)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	probably introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	probably introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 102)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 159) Vouchers cited: Stoddart 862 (K, US), Rhyne 747 (US)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 150-153)

Control: 

Physical: "Germination is prevented by mulches if they are thick enough and left undisturbed.  Susceptible to hand weeding, chipping and cultivation under dry conditions, but stems may root if left in contact with moist soil.  Unpalatable to stock.  Can be controlled by competition from leafy crops, such as cassava and sweet potato, but it is fairly shade-tolerant.  Dislikes dry air and soil conditions"  (Swarbrick, 1997).  "Goats with control ageratum (An Peischel)"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical:  "Susceptible to: 1) residual herbicides, including diuron, atrazine, acifluorfen, ametryne, bromacil and karbutilate at standard rates; 2) translocated herbicides, including 2,4-D, glyphosate and fluroxypyr at standard rates; 3) contact herbicides, including diquat and paraquat at standard rates.  Probably susceptible to most herbicides suitable for controlling broad-leaved plants" (Swarbrick, 1997).  "Sensitive to 2,4-D and probably to all hormone-type dicot killers"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:  Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).

Additional online information about Ageratum conyzoides is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Ageratum conyzoides may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

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