Adenanthera pavonina L., Fabaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 7 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: colales, culalis, kolales, kulales, kulalis

English: Circassian bean tree, Circassian-tree, Polynesian peanut, bead tree, coral bean tree, coralwood, false jequirity, false red-sandalwood, false wiliwili, peacock flower-fence, red bead tree, red beantree, red sandalwood tree, red-sandalwood, redwood, saga tree, sandal beadtree, sandalwood-tree, zumbictree

Fijian: lera, lere ndamu, pomea, vaivai, vaivai ni vavalangi

French: bois de condori, bois noir de Bourbon, bois noir rouge

Kosraean: metekam, metkam, metkem, mwetkwem

Kwara‘ae: tatarabebe

Maori (Cook Islands): kōviriviri, mata kōviriviri, pitipiti‘ō

Nauruan: bin

Niuean: pomea

Other: dschemudscha

Palauan: telengtúngd, telentundalel

Pohnpeian: kaikes

Samoan: lōpā, lopa

Solomon Pijin: nodale

Spanish: árbol del coral

Tahitian: la‘au paina, lopa, paina, pitipitio papa‘a

Tongan: lopa

Tuvaluan: lopa

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Medium sized, deciduous tree; leaves with 2-6 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 6-12 pairs, 2-5 cm long, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, rather pale green, thin; flowers in slender, elongate racemes, borne in axils; flowers yellowish, sweet-fragrant; calyx 4-5-toothed; stamens 8-10; pods slender, linear, curved or contorted, dehiscent, thin, flattened, brown, smooth and shiny inside; seeds lenticular, suborbicular, hard, dark or bright red, about 8 mm wide, 10-12 per pod" (Stone, 1970; p. 296).

"A large deciduous tree, bark pale pinkish grey. Leaves bipinnate, up to 24 cm long, rachis c. 10-40 cm long, petiole c. 5-10 cm long, pinnae opposite, 2-6 pairs, c. 7-12 cm long, leaflets 7-15 pairs, sessile, alternate, obovate, l.5-4.0 cm long, 5-25 mm broad, margins slightly curved backwards, base unequal. Inflorescence axillary and terminal raceme, c. 7.5-15 cm long. Flower pedicellate, pedicel 3.5-4.0 cm long. Calyx 5, gamosepalous, 5 toothed, c. 1 mm long. Corolla pale yellow, c. 2.5-3 mm long, petals united at the base. Stamens 10, free, hardly exserted, anthers with a gland at the tip. Fruit a pod, curved, becomes coiled after dehiscence, 10-22.5 cm long, c.7-10 mm broad. Seeds many, bright red in colour, like beads, c. 7-8 mm wide"  (Flora of Pakistan online).

Habitat/ecology:  "Forests and forest edges, woodland, coastal areas.  Displaces native trees and shrubs, preventing their regeneration and reducing diversity"  (Weber, 2003; p. 24).  "Grows on a variety of soils...and in seasonally and more permanently moist climates throughout the tropics" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 15). Trees produce large quantities of seed. It will grow on a variety of soils in moist and seasonally moist tropical climates.

In Fiji, "thoroughly naturalized along roads, in dry forest, and occasionally in dense forest, at elevations from near sea level to about 600 m" (Smith, 1985; pp. 56-57). In New Caledonia, "cet arbre de large répartition en Asie tropicale et le Pacifique est parfois planté sur la Grande-Terre. Il est beaucoup plus commun aux îles Loyauté où il se comporte plutôt comme indigène, paraissant au moins comme composant régulier de forêts peu dégradées" (MacKee, 1994; p. 77).

Propagation:  Seed. Ripened seed pods remain on the tree for long periods (Weber, 2003; p. 24).

Native range:  Southeastern Asia and Malaysia, but widely cultivated and introduced.

Impacts and invaded habitats:  Adenanthera pavonina is considered a threat to native forests of Palau. (Forests of Palau, p. 9)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 4)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 41) Abundant.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 41) Abundant.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 4)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 41) Abundant.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430517) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Whistler 3386
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430197) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (pp. 4, 11)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	cultivated	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 91)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 152784) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 91)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane (2000) (p. 5)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 33)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 666205) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 6)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 614715) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 5)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 5)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90) "Secondary and primary forest"
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. 5)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 16) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2005) (p. 17) Only a single adult and a few seedlings seen.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 152775) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 152779) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90) "Secondary and primary forest"
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 74) Voucher cited: Glassman 2759 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 88) Vouchers cited: E. Albert 130 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 4171 (NY), F.R. Fosberg 26193 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2759 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 793 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 1021 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 1037 (BISH) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 152772) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 152773) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 152774) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 152776) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 43718) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90) "Secondary and primary forest"
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C. (1980) (p. 204) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3346 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 503156) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 56-57) Vouchers cited: Garnock-Jones 805, Garnock-Jones 978
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 56-57) Voucher cited: DA
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 56-57) Vouchers cited: DA 327, DF 508, Damanu 147, Smith 9463, Smith 9350, DA 7008, DA 877, DA 11015
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 152780) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 152781) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1963) (voucher ID: PTBG 8396) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 583861) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 137-138) Voucher cited: E. Murray 4
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 697271) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 137-138) Vouchers cited: Moore 60, BRY 26094, BRY 26095, BRY 26661
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 639434) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 137-138) Voucher cited: Setchell & Parks 251
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2826 (PAP) Communément planté, se naturalise.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493266) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 9053 (PAP) Paraît naturalisé.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 560389) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 22) Single tree. Voucher cited: Sachet 2079 (US)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 296)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 91)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 94)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 152777) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 659582) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1982) (voucher ID: PTBG 23798) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 23799) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R. (1995) (p. 19) Voucher cited: Lorence 6413 (BISH, PTBG) Locally naturalized.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim (2011) (p. 26) East Maui. Voucher cited: Starr & Starr 090623-01 (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 108)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 136) Voucher cited: Thaman & Manner 142 (SUVA)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438372) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	native	Nielsen, I./Prance, Ghillean T./Edmondson, John (1983) (pp. 8-10) Vouchers cited: Balansa 2457, Däniker 2500b, MacKee 16048, MacKee 28305
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	native	Nielsen, I./Prance, Ghillean T./Edmondson, John (1983) (pp. 8-10) Voucher cited: Däniker 2500, MacKee 25451
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	native	Nielsen, I./Prance, Ghillean T./Edmondson, John (1983) (pp. 8-10) Voucher cited: Däniker 2500a
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	native	Nielsen, I./Prance, Ghillean T./Edmondson, John (1983) (pp. 8-10) Vouchers cited: Baudouin 336 s.loc., Frqnc 1602 A, MacKee 16075, Pancher 682a
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 120) Vouchers cited: CHR 170446, CHR 170447
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 4)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 33) Vouchers cited: Whistler 10809, Whistler 10849
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 59) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9622 (BISH), Yuncker 9697 (BISH), Yuncker 10143 (BISH) "Frequent in thickets and forested areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 9)
Niue Niue	Niue Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 43020) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 91)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 84)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 10)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 660692) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3111) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Kitalong, Ann Hillmann (2008) (pp. 9,20, 25, 26)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 91)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 79)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 10)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 152778) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 79)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 10)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 8, 79)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 210)
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced cultivated	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 252) Occasionally cultivated.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 5)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 100416) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 152787) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 417892) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 5)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28528) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28602) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 152785) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 152786) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Ndeni (Santa Cruz) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 79349) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 43)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Soakai 328 (cult.)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 6)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 131) "Throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 106) "Secondary and primary forest".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 6)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Hotta 5178
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 131) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15510
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 152789) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 152791) Taxon name on voucher: Adenanthera pavonina L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 106) "Secondary and primary forest".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 6)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 26) Vouchers cited: Hotta 4544, Soakai 262 (cult.)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 131) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15113
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 131) Voucher cited: Hülimann 655
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 106) "Secondary and primary forest".
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 6)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (pp. 10, 34) Considéré indigène ou d'introduction polynésienne à Wallis. C'est le seul arbre naturalisé dans les vestiges de forêt naturelle de bords de cratère et de crête, mais il ne forme pas actuellement de formations denses. L'espèce semble nécessiter une ouverture de la canopée (lisière, trouée, chablis) ou un sous-bois clair pour se régénérer.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Australian Biological Resources Study (2013)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Australian Biological Resources Study (2013)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Indonesia Indonesia	West Papua Province (Indonesia) (western New Guinea Island) (formerly Irian Jaya)	native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 10) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (pp. 15, 102)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Comoro Islands	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced cultivated	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Cultivé"
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced cultivated	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013) potentiellement envahissant
Maldives Maldive Islands	Maldive Islands	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Maldive Islands		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 20)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Rodrigues Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Alphonse Island		Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 181) Voucher cited: Robertson 2841 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 149) Voucher cited: Robertson 3123 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52162 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	D'Arros Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Gwynne & Wood 1031 (EA)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 51)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Groupe d'Aldabra	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Poivre Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 170)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced invasive	Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 24)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013)
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized

Comments:  Very invasive in American Samoa (Space & Flynn, 2000). Widespread or becoming widespread on most Pacific islands where it is present.

Planting of this species is prohibited in Miami-Dade County, Florida (U.S.) (Hunsberger, 2001).

Control: 

Physical:  Hand pull or dig out seedlings and saplings. 

Chemical: Stem injection with Roundup® or basal bark treatment with Garlon®. Because the dead trees still carry large numbers of seeds in their leafless canopies, and because of ungerminated seed in the ground, continued control is essential. (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 15).