Achyranthes aspera L., Amaranthaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Achyranthes canescens R. Br.

Common name(s): [more details]

Austral: erofai

Chamorro: chichiton, chichitun, lasocata, lasogado

Chinese: tu niu xi

Chuukese: ikkakeeke, likakeeke, likkakééké, liko, niké, niko, niroke, seetan, uoko, uökö

English: achyranthes, chaff-flower, crocus stuff, crokars staff, devil's horsewhip, prickly chaff-flower

Fijian: sono ivi

French: herbe à Bengalis, herbe sergen, queue de rat

Kapingamarangi: tikeng tutui

Mangarevan: aerofai, pukawapuataratara

Maori (Cook Islands): kōpū varu, piripiri, piripiri, tama ‘enua, tumu ‘enua

Marquesan: moto ouaua, otunatuna, teita‘a

Marshallese: kaleklek, kaleklek, kaloklok

Mokilese: suga dugokok

Niuean: lamoa fisi, talamoa, talamoa fisi, talamoa fiti

Palauan: louch beluu, louch el beluu

Pohnpeian: osen likendinikep

Samoan: la‘au talatala, la‘au tālātālā, lau tamatama, lau tamatama, lau tamatama, tamatama, tamatama

Satawalese: eeg‘gohur

Spanish: cadillo chichoborugo, cadillo de mazorca, mazotillo, rabo de chancho, rabo de ratón

Tahitian: aero fai, aerofai, aerofai, aerofai, aerofai, airovai, aruhai, erofai

Tokelauan: lau tamatama

Tongan: tamatama

Tuamotuan: aero fai, arofai

Tuvaluan: sisi vao, tamatama

Ulithian: koi

Wallisian: tamatama

Woleaian: gugu

Yapese: gogo

Habit:  herb

Description: 

Genus: "Erect or ascending herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, the blades entire; inflorescences terminal and axillary, spicate, erect, many-flowered; becoming elongate, with only a few flowers open at the same time; flowers hermaphrodite, solitary in axils of acute, membranous, persistent bracts, subtended by 2 bracteoles, deflexed after anthesis, the bracteoles consisting of a long spine and bearing on each side of base a shorter, membranous, nerveless wing; tepals 5, spreading during anthesis, before and after anthesis erect, membranous or herbaceous, 1- or more-nerved, acute, sometimes pungent in fruit; stamens 5, much shorter than perianth, the filaments proximally connate into a short cup, the free parts alternating with short, broad pseudostaminodes, the anthers oblong, 2-celled (4-loculed); ovary glabrous, the ovule 1, pendent from a long funicle, the style filiform, short, the stigma capitate, utricle falling off together with perianth and bracteoles, ellipsoid, indehiscent, 1-seeded, with truncate or depressed apex, thin-walled, the seed erect."  (Smith, 1981; p. 290)

Species: "A coarse, ligneous herb or shrub 0.8-4 m high, sometimes almost treelike. The tepals are white to pale lavender, the filaments while to rich pink, and the fruit orange to reddish purple or brown."  (Smith, 1981; p. 290).

"A coarse, rambling or erect widely branched annual or short-lived perennial with a semi-woody base; taproot long with lateral branches throughout; stem 0.5 to 2 m tall, angularly-ribbed, generally square, more or less densely hairy and thickened above the nodes; leaves opposite, oblong-obovate to elliptic or obovate from an acute or obtuse base; tip acuminate, acute, obtuse or rounded; blade entire, flat or somewhat wavy, more or less pubescent, 2 to 10 cm long, 0.7 to 5 cm wide; petiole 0.5 to 1.5 cm long; inflorescence terminal spikes, rigid, 10 to 50 cm long excluding the peduncle, with paired branches below; rachis robust, angularly-ribbed, more or less hairy; flowers small, green, perfect, densely arranged at top of spike, less clustered in the center, scattered and often in pairs near the base; subtended by long-acuminate bracts or bracteoles, 2 to 3.5 mm long, stiff and spiny, erect before anthesis reflexed later, persistent; sepals 5, green with pale margins, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5 to 5.5 mm long during anthesis, five filaments 2.2 to 3.5 mm long; pseudo-staminodia with or without dorsal, truncate, long-fringed scales; ovary top-shaped with 1- to 2-mm style; fruit and utricle (a small prickly bur), 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, rounded at the base; enclosed by persistent perianth and bracts, 4 to 5 mm long, detaching easily from rachis; seed 2 to 3 mm long, 1 to 1.5 mm wide, truncate above, reddish to dark brown and shiny, enclosed in chaffy calyx parts that remain attached.  This species is readily distinguished by the opposite leaves, branched stem and spiny bracts that are erect before flowering but then become reflexed and readily adhere to animals and clothing"  (Holm et al., 1997; p. 13).

Habitat/ecology:  "It frequently occurs in waste areas, and along roadsides, foot paths, railroads and sand dunes.  It often infest fence rows, open woodland, and the boarders of forests and coffee fields.  It has adapted to a wide range of environments (Holm et al., 1997; p. 13).

In Fiji, "occurs from near sea level to about 900 m elevation as an abundantly naturalized weed on rocky shores, limestone islets, and grassy slopes, in coastal thickets, cultivated areas, and along roadsides and forest trails" (Smith, 1981; p. 290).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in low elevation, open, dry disturbed habitats, such as along roadsides"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 180-181).  In Niue, "locally fairly common in waste places, especially near tracks" (Sykes, 1970; p. 40). In Guam, "a troublesome, frequent weed of waste ground, trails, etc." [probably native] (Stone, 1970; p. 270). In Papua New Guinea, "a weed of pastures, roadsides and waste places; also in natural situations, behind beaches, in savannah grassland. Widely spread, at low elevations in areas of seasonal climate" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 51).  In Tonga, "a common plantation and waste area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 108).  In Papua New Guinea, "a weed of dry open places, such as roadsides and gardens, especially in areas subject to a dry season, at 0-200(?) altitude"  (Womersley, 1978; p. 15).  In Tonga, "a common plantation and waste area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 108).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Probably indigenous in southeastern Asia and now a ubiquitous weed, found in Pacific archipelagoes eastward to the Tuamotus." (Smith, 1981; p. 290)

"Native or aboriginally introduced to Polynesia" (Whistler, 1988; p. 6). Fosberg et al. (1979; p. 67) lists as native to Micronesia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 35216) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 37) Vouchers cited: Garber 563 (BISH), Garber 568 (BISH), W. Harris 322 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 9104) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Aunu‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 159)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 96)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 18) "Probably native on coastal cliffs and similar habitats but becoming invasive and weedy on disturbed soil". Vouchers cited: A.N. Rodd 1452 (K, NSW), J.C. Game 69/274e (K), P.S. Green 1650 (A, K)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 7) "Probably native on coastal cliffs and similar habitats but becoming invasive and weedy on disturbed soil". Vouchers cited: O. Evans (K), P.S. Green 1446 (A), J.H. Maiden & J.L. Boorman (K, NSW)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31596 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 28)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Falanruw, M. V. C. (1989) (p. 8)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1977) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Falanruw 3124 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1977) (p. 29) var. fruticosa (Lam.) Boerl. Voucher cited: Falanruw 3102 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Moore 338 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane (2000) (p. Voucher specimen) Voucher: BMW 5812 (BISH, BRI, GUAM, CANB)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nama Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 33) Voucher cited: Marshall 76 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 44) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 145 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 66) Vouchers cited: A. Dores 202 (NY, PTBG), F.R. Fosberg 26061 (BISH), W.A. Niering 546 (BISH), S. Perlman 21412 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 43549) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera var. aspera
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Eauripik Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46711 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46914 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Bacon Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: Bryan 538
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: Tothill 665
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: Tothill 664
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mango Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: Bryan 563
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: Bryan 234
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbengga Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: Weiner 223
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: Smith 1396
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: Smith 8114
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: DA 16055
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Voucher cited: Tothill 666
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 290) Vouchers cited: DA 11755, DA 9683, Greenwood 61, DA 13974, DA 11866, Greenwood 61A, DA 9332, H.B.R. Parham 43
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 13) Observed
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 13) Voucher cited: St. John 14662 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: S.P. Perlman & K.R. Wood 15001 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 22468) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera var. aspera L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1964) (voucher ID: PTBG 8938) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera var. aspera
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 25) Voucher cited: Grant 4873
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 12015 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11556 (PAP); var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend: F.R. Fosberg 61174 (PAP), D. Baré 6 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. aspera. Voucher cited: J.-F. Butaud & F.A. Jacq 41 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 25) Vouchers cited: Moore 346, BRY 26422
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 25) Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks 320, Grant 4006, Grant 4676
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 3269 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1996 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Ana‘a Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Apataki (Apa‘ataki) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Hao (Hau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Hiti Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Katiu (Katui) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Kauehi (Kawehi) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Kaukura Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3025 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Marutea Sud (Marutea South) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Matureivavao (Maturei Vavao) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Napuka Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Nukutavake Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Paraoa Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence, A.J. Chepstow-Lusty & S. Waldren 10932 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 9972 (PAP), J. Florence 9954 (PAP), J. Florence 10021 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	native	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie (2008) (p. 10) Var. velutina
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence, A.J. Chepstow-Lusty & S. Waldren 10932 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Reao Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence, A.J. Chepstow-Lusty & S. Waldren 10932 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Taenga Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence, A.J. Chepstow-Lusty & S. Waldren 10932 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Taiaro Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence, A.J. Chepstow-Lusty & S. Waldren 10932 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 2018 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takume (Takurea) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence, A.J. Chepstow-Lusty & S. Waldren 10932 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tenararo (Tenaroa) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence, A.J. Chepstow-Lusty & S. Waldren 10932 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tenarunga Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 3269 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tepoto Nord Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 3269 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 7070 (PAP), J. Florence 7124 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikei (Tikai, Tiku) Island	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 3269 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Toau (Tovau) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 3269 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuanake Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 3269 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tureia Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1996 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Vahanga Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1996 (PAP)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Vanavana (Vana Vana) Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1996 (PAP)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Maria Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10171 (PAP)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. aspera. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5692 (PAP), J. Florence 5804 (PAP), J. Florence 5864 (PAP), J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11148 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 6319 (PAP), J. Florence 6331 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 42025) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 42304) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5568 (PAP), J. Florence 5592 (PAP), J. Florence 5973 (PAP), J. Florence 6150 (PAP), J. Florence 9198 (PAP), J. Florence 9207 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 270) Vouchers cited: Stone 4758 (GUAM), Stone 5269 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1994) (voucher ID: PTBG 22362) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera var. aspera
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1954) (voucher ID: PTBG 26636) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera var. aspera
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 180-181)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced	Wester, Lyndon (1992) (p. 125)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. (2002) (p. 4) Voucher cited: N. Matayoshi s.n. (BISH 652141)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 180-181)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) Var. aspera
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 21) Collected by Arundel but not recorded since.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88) Presence not verified
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 325) Voucher cited: Fosberg 24348 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 9) Voucher cited: Fosberg 24348 (US)
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Voucher cited: MacKee 19449
New Caledonia Îles Chesterfield	Îles Chesterfield	introduced invasive abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Vouchers cited: Anon s.n., Kusser in MacKee 33998, Kusser in MacKee 34009, Kusser in MacKee 34019
New Caledonia Récifs D'Entrecasteaux (D'Entrecasteaux Reefs)	Île Huon	introduced invasive abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Voucher cited: Jacquier in MacKee 44249
New Caledonia Récifs D'Entrecasteaux (D'Entrecasteaux Reefs)	Île Surprise	introduced invasive abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Vouchers cited: Rolland in MacKee 15953, Boulet in MacKee 31459
New Caledonia Hunter Island	Île Hunter	introduced invasive abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Voucher cited: Monzier in Veillon 6923
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Voucher cited: Sarasin 488 (Z)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Voucher cited: Hmakone & Sam in MacKee 25850
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	native	Renevier, Alain/Cherrier, Jean-Francois (1991) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Hmakone & Sam in MacKee 25850
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	probably introduced abo. intro.	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 379) Indigenous or early introduction. Espèce pantropicale peut-être indigène ou d'introduction ancienne.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Améré	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Voucher cited: MacKee 37528
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Vouchers cited: Vieillard 1066, Delacour s.n., MacKee 12652, MacKee 31742,
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 10-11) Voucher cited: MacKee 13122
Niue Niue	Niue Island		Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 40) Vouchers cited: CHR 169889, CHR 169890
Niue Niue	Niue Island	probably native abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 6) Indigenous or a Polynesian Introduction. Voucher cited: Whistler 10764
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 24) Indigenous or a Polynesian Introduction. Voucher cited: Whistler 10764 Uncommon to occasional.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 51) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9630 (BISH), Yuncker 10111 (BISH) "A common weedly plant in plantations and waste ares".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 49) Indigenous or a Polynesian Introduction.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Canfield, Joan E. (1980) (p. 195) Var. pubescens. Voucher cited: Canfield 231 (US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 100)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 8) Voucher: Lorence 9803 (PTBG, BNM, NY, TAMU, US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 96) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera var. aspera
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Merir Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 67)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 109)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 573) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera L.
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 572) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera L.
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	invasive	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 170) Tropical weed; at forest edges and along bush tracks.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 51) In New Guinea widely spread, at low elevations in areas of seasonal climate.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 59)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	probably introduced invasive	Womersley, John S., ed. (1978) (pp. 14-15)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 63)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	probably introduced invasive	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 131) At low and medium altitudes, a weed in open waste places; a pantropic weed, probably itroduced.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Henderson Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H./Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 30)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Henderson Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. pubescens (C.H.B.A. Moquin-Tandon) C.C. Townsend. Vouchers cited: J. Florence, A.J. Chepstow-Lusty & S. Waldren 10928 (PAP), J. Florence (legit M.L. Brooke) 11053 (PAP) Adventice
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Oeno Atoll	native	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) var. velutina (W.J. Hooker & Arnott) C. Townsend. Voucher cited: J. Florence, A.J. Chepstow-Lusty & S. Waldren 10932 (PAP)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 31) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 11341, Fosberg & B. Christian 11236, Fosberg & R. Clark 11316, St. John 15042
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 44-47)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 11020 (PAP) Adventice
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 6)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 43)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15800, Soakai 301, Soakai 680, Whistler 6595 Weedy
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 108) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15800
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) Voucher cited: Buelow 538
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 108) "Common throughout the group".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Lister, Parks 16380, Yuncker 15517, Hotta 5424, Sykes 109, Buelow 1855, Whistler 7159, Whistler 7274 Weedy
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 108) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15517
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Mosley s.n. (n.s.), Setchell & Parks 15373, Hurlimann 121, Yuncker 15137, Hotta 4257, Hotta 4262, Alexander 5833, Lawrence 140, Lawrence 223, Soakai 184, Soakai 495, Buelow 74, Whistler 6744, Whistler 6759 Weedy
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 108) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15137
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1989) (voucher ID: PTBG 3291) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1989) (voucher ID: PTBG 3315) Taxon name on voucher: Achyranthes aspera
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	native	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 348)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Hotta 4767, Buelow & Sykes 234, Buelow & Sykes 267 (as A. canescens) Weedy
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Buelow 2058 Weedy
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Kirch 206, Kirch 299, Whistler 6186 Weedy
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Hurlimann 540 Weedy
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 108) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 540
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Barclay s.n. (n.s.), Crosby 237, Hotta 4988, Dosksi 688 Weedy
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 108) Cited: Barclay.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 51)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Woodroffe 126 (CHR)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 6)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 11)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 11)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 11)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 63)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 77)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 100) "A garden weed at Silverdale".
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	probably native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 9) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 16)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (pp. 36, 38) On both main atoll and North Keeling Island.
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 149) Vouchers cited: Hume in 1883 (K), Stoddart 875 (K, US), Stoddart 764 (K, US), Stoddart 871 (K, US), Rhyne 683 (US)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Rivers, Julie (2004) (p. 2) var. velutina
Maldives Maldive Islands	Addu Atoll		Spicer, R. A./Newberry, D. MacC. (1979) (p. 13)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 17)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (pp. 11, 17)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 110) Var. mollis (Moq.) Townsend. Vouchers cited: Stoddart 7237 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Alphonse Island		Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 179) Voucher cited: Robertson 2866 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 146)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	native	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 24) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52173 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 44) Voucher cited: Todd 44
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Marie-Louise Island		Wilson, J. R. (1983) (p. 188)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Platte Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 159) Voucher cited: Robertson 3021 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Poivre Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 167) Voucher cited: Robertson 2344 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	St. Joseph Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 44) Vouchers cited: Gwynne & Wood 1060 (EA), Stoddart 7148 (US)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Achyranthes aspera is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Achyranthes aspera as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Achyranthes aspera may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM573(Berry, P. 68).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM572(Hardy, S. 160).

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France. 2010. Les espéces envahissantes en outre-mer (online resource).

Falanruw, M. V. C. 1989. Vegetation of Asuncion, a volcanic northern Mariana Island. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bull. PSW-28. USDA Forest Service. 11 pp.

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Florence, J. 2004. Flore de la Polynésie française, Vol. 2. Paris. IRE Editions, Publications Scientifiques, Collection Faune et Flore Tropicales 41. 503 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1957. The Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 58. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 37 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1969. Plants of Satawal Island, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 132. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 13 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1983. Natural history of Cousin Island. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Canfield, Joan E. 1980. Noteworthy Micronesian plants 3. Micronesica 16(2):189-200.

Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. 1969. A collection of plants from Fais, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 133. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1977. Additional records of vascular plants from the northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica 13: 27-31.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H./Stoddart, D. R. 1983. Henderson Island (Southeast Polynesia): Summary of current knowledge. Atoll Res. Bull. 272. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 47 pp. + photos.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. 1983. List of the recorded vascular flora of Agalega. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. 1975. Weeds of New Guinea and their control. 2nd edition. Department of Forests, Division of Botany, Botany Bull. No. 7. Lae, Papua New Guinea. 180 pp.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution. John Wiley & Sons. 1129 pp.

Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. 2002. Invasive/weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Invasive species and their management. Micronesica Suppl. 6:61-65.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.

Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 189. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 53 pp + photos.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Merlin, M./Juvik, J. 1996. Irá me neeniier nón Chuuk: Plants and their Environments in Chuuk. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp. .

Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. 1996. Giddi nge gakiiy nu Wa‘ab: Plants, People and Ecology in Yap State. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 2 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 530 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie. 2008. Rapport de mission sur l'atoll de Raro‘ia (Tuamotu Centre) du 12 au 19 Octobre 2008: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire. de l'avifaune terrestre & marine, et recommandations de conservation et de gestion [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 24 pp.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG35216(David H. Lorence 8612).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2008. Voucher specimen #PTBG96(David H. Lorence 9803).

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1993. Flora of Australia. Vol. 50, Oceanic islands 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty]. 1984. Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for naturalists. Office of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 638 pp. ISBN 9980-66-000-7.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 37:1-69. .

Renevier, Alain/Cherrier, Jean-Francois. 1991. Flore et vegetation de l'Ile de Walpole. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 351. 21 pp.

Rivers, Julie. 2004. Botanical survey update of Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipeligo, British Indian Ocean Territory. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. 16 pp. plus "List of the higher plants of Diego Garcia".

Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants collected on Alphonse Island, Amirantes. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants collected on Coetivy Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants collected on Platte Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. List of plants of Poivre Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. 1983. Vegetation of Frégate Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Setchell, William Albert. 1924. American Samoa; part I. Vegetation of Tutuila Island. part II. Ethnobotany of the Samoans. part III. Vegetation of Rose Atoll. The Carnegie Institution of Washington. 275 pp. + illus.

Smith, Albert C. 1981. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 2. 810 pp.

Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawai‘i. 227 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane. 2000. Invasive plant species on Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 31 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

Spicer, R. A./Newberry, D. MacC. 1979. The terrestrial vegetation of an Indian Ocean coral islands: Wilingili, Addu Atoll, Maldive Islands. I. Transect analysis of the vegetation. II. A limited quantitative analysis of the vegetation distribution. Atoll Research Bulletin 231. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 25 pp.

St. John, H. 1987. An account of the flora of Pitcairn Island with new Pandanus species. Pacific Plant Studies 46. Honolulu, 65 pp. [Privately published].

St. John, Harold. 1960. Flora of Eniwetok Atoll. Pacific Science 14(4):313-336.

St. John, Harold. 1988. Census of the Flora of the Gambier Islands, Polynesia. Pacific Plant Studies 43. Honolulu, Hawaii. 34 pp. [Privately published].

Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. 2002. New Hawaiian plant records for 2000. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 68:3-18.

Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. 1979. D'Arros and St. Joseph, Amirante Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 223. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 48 pp.

Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. 1971. Geography and ecology of Diego Garcia Atoll, Chagos Archipelago. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 149. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 237 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1981. The vegetation of Late, Tonga. Allertonia 2(6):323-353.

Tassin, Jacques. 2005. Jacques Tassin (IAC-CIRAD), personal communication.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Waterhouse, D. F. 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 141 pp.

Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 93 pp.

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Wester, Lyndon. 1985. Checklist of the vascular plants of the northern Line Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Reseach Bulletin 287:1-38.

Wester, Lyndon. 1992. Origin and distribution of adventive flowering plants in Hawai‘i. In: Stone, Charles P.; Smith, Clifford W. and Tunison, J. Timothy. Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and Research. University of Hawaii, Cooperative National Park Research Studies Unit, Honolulu. University of Hawaii Press. .

Whistler, W. A. 1980. The vegetation of eastern Samoa. Allertonia 2:45-90.

Whistler, W. A. 1980. Coastal flowers of the tropical Pacific: A guide to widespread seashore plants of the Pacific Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, Hawaii. 83 pp. ISBN 0-932596-13-14.

Whistler, W. A. 1984. Annotated list of Samoan plant names. Economic Botany 38:464.489.

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1992. Vegetation of Samoa and Tonga. Pac. Sci. 46(2):159-178.

Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flora of Tonga [unpublished checklist]. 107 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1995. Wayside Plants of the Islands. Isle Botanica, Honolulu. 202 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 2000. Plants in Samoan culture: The ethnobotany of Samoa. Isle Botanica. 234 pp. ISB: 0-9645426-6-8.

Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. 1997. Botanical survey of the Huvalu Forest Conservation Area, Niue. Unpublished technical report. 76 pp.

Wilson, J. R. 1983. Ecology of Marie-Louise, Amirantes Islands. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Womersley, John S., ed. 1978. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 1. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 278 pp.

Woodroffe, C. D. 1985. Vegetation and flora of Nui Atoll, Tuvalu. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 283. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 18 pp. + maps, photos.

Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1945. Plants of the Manua Islands. Bishop Mus. Bull. 184. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).