Abelmoschus moschatus Medik., Malvaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Abelmoschus sagittifolius (Kurz) Merr. [=Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. tuberosus]; Hibiscus abelmoschus L.; Hibiscus sagittifolius Kurz [=Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. tuberosus]

Common name(s): [more details]

Austral: fautia

Chamorro: caamung, kámang, kamang

Chinese: huang kui

Chuukese: karereon, karereon nikapwerik nik, kareron, likonokon, niikapwériik, niikownown, nikapwerik, nikokon, setmwechin, sotumo

English: annual hibiscus, musk okra, muskmallow, native rosella, ornamental okra, tropical jewel hibiscus

Fijian: aukiki, o‘e‘e, okeoke, vakeke, wakeke, wakewake, wakiwaki

French: ambrette, gombo musqué, graine de musc, ketmie musquée

Mangarevan: pukawa

Maori (Cook Islands): ‘aute, ta‘uri‘au, vavai tara, vavai tara, vavai tara, vavai tara

Niuean: fou hele, fou ingo

Palauan: gongul

Pohnpeian: kaanth, matai, metei, metey, methey, tehmetei

Samoan: ‘aute toga, ‘aute toga, fau mageso, fau samasama, fau Tagaloa, fau tagaloa, fau Tagaloa, vavae Samoa

Solomon Pijin: te vasivasiakarai

Tahitian: fautia, foutheea, pukawa

Tongan: fau‘ingo, loa

Ulithian: hathongethong

Wallisian: fau ingo

Yapese: kamwayang

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Herb or undershrub, 0.25-1.50 m, with taproot or root-tuber.  Stems solid, rarely fistular, as the petioles and pedicels, and both surfaces of the leaves mostly hispid by simple hairs, usually also with minute stellate hairs, rarely glabrous.  Leaves extremely variable in shape and size, in outline mostly orbicular to transversally elliptic, at base usually cordate, not incised, angular, or 3-7-palmilobed to -palmiparted, of the upper leaves usually narrower and often hastate or sagittate, with deltoid, triangular, ovate, obovate, spatulate, oblong, lanceolate or linear, sometimes pennilobed, obtuse, acute or acuminate segments, coarsely serrate to dentate, rarely entire, at base 5-9-nerved, without nectaries.  Stipules linear to filiform, simply hairy.  Flowers axillary, solitary.  Pedicel ± accrescent.  Epicalyx segments 7-10, rarely more, free, persistent, linear, filiform, lanceolate or oblong, usually acute, with simple hairs.  Calyx outside stellate-tomentose, inside simply sericeous.  Petals obovate, at apex rounded, at base fleshy and ciliate by simple hairs, for the rest scattered gland-hairs or glabrous.  Staminal column mostly yellow, at base dark purple, glabrous.   Ovary ovoid, hirsute; style hairy.  Capsule ovoid or globose, occasionally fusiform, acuminate with a short  rostrum, somewhat angular, usually hispid by simple, stiff hairs, often also with short simple hairs and minute stellate hairs, rarely glabrous, black or dark brown; valves chartaceous, inside smooth and shining.  Seeds concentrically ribbed, somewhat warty, mostly glabrous, sometimes ferrugineously stellate-tomentose, black-brown" (Borssum Waalkes, 1966; p. 90)

"Coarsely hispid herb to 1 or 1.5 m tall, leaves ovate-suborbicular, usually 3-5-lobed, to 15 cm long; stems hirsute; calyx greenish, spathe-like, caducous; corolla bright yellow with a darker or purplish eye, 8-10 cm wide; fruit a hirsute capsule 6-8 cm long, ovoid-cylindric; seeds musky-scented" (Stone, 1970; p. 408).

Habitat/ecology:  Weedy in open and disturbed areas.  In Guam, "it occurs in marshy locations" (Stone, 1970; p 408).  In Fiji, "found from near sea level to an elevation of about 450 m as a weed naturalized in gardens, plantations, ricefields, and clearings, and also occurring along trails and on the edges of forest"  (Smith, 1981; p. 423).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  India, southern China and tropical Asia, into the Pacific.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Whistler 3046
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Whistler 3046
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 7) Voucher cited: Whistler 3064
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (pp. 50-51) Voucher cited: Garber 1085 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1925) (voucher ID: BISH 157653) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 430269) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 37087) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 7) Vouchers cited: Judd s.n., Garber 601, Yuncker 9035, Yuncker 9298, Whistler 1418
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (pp. 50-51) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9298(BISH), Yuncker 9035 (BISH), Garber 601 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 157643) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 157644) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1930) (voucher ID: BISH 157646) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1930) (voucher ID: BISH 157647) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 157648) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1930) (voucher ID: BISH 157649) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1991) (voucher ID: PTBG 11056) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34601) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 71)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1920) (voucher ID: BISH 157654) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 409636) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 32) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1646 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 60) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58829
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 667815) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 157677) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 96)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 63)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 157658) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 664884) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 157681) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 157692) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 157688) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Uman Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 157689) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Yanagi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633397) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. Voucher specimen) Voucheer: BMW 5755 (BISH, BRI, GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 19) Voucher cited: Lorence 7860 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21125) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 67)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 107) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 4103 (NY, PTBG), A. Dores 67 (BISH, NY, PTBG), A. Dores 141 (BISH, NY, PTBG), A. Dores 189 (NY, PTBG), B. Ekiek 68 (NY, PTBG), B. Ekiek 108 (PTBG), F.R. Fosberg 26334 (BISH), F.R. Fosberg 60462 (BISH, PTBG), S.F. Glassman 2760 (BISH), S. Perlman 21397 (PTBG), A. Raynor 93 (NY, PTBG), S.H. Riesenberg 80 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 764 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 886 (BISH), N.S. Tangalin 1262 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 157685) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 157686) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 157691) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 157694) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 157695) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 188889) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 652816) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1980) (voucher ID: PTBG 22138) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 42987) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 43581) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 43678) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 46134) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 48902) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2007) (voucher ID: PTBG 50090) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 9) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46714 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 157693) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 157683) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fiji Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 157631) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 423) Voucher cited: Bryan 499
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 157632) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 637946) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 157633) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 423) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 571, DA 10755, DA 12039, DA 13115, Seemann 19, Gillespie 4773
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 14745) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 698397) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 423) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 1111
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 423) Vouchers cited: Degener 15061, Gillespie 2933, Gillespie 4385.2, DA 10029, DA 2086, DA 10941, DA 5614, Storck 869
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 157634) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 157635) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1941) (voucher ID: BISH 157637) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 18) Voucher cited: St. John 14670 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 18) Voucher cited: Agassiz 115 (GH)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 46) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64954 (US) Rare
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 173) Vouchers cited: Moore 265, Florence 3460, BRY 26420
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3460 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491364) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 173)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 586801) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 586803) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 173) Vouchers cited: BRY 26043, BRY 26345
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159) Also subsp. tuberosus (J.B. Spanoghe) J. Borssum-Waalkes
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2906 (PAP), J. Florence 4659 (PAP), J. Florence 7614 (PAP), J. Florence & J.-C. Jolinon 8095 (PAP), P. Birnbaum 200 (PAP), J.-Y. Meyer 484 (PAP), F.R. Fosberg 65032 (PAP); also subsp. tuberosus (J.B. Spanoghe) J. Borssum Waalkes, cultivated. Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 553688) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 659370) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11224 (PAP), J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11305 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643334) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 156-159)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1922) (voucher ID: BISH 157657) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 408) Vouchers cited: Stone 4312 (GUAM), Stone 4449 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 157675) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 157676) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 157682) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 870) Voucher cited: Rock s.n. (BISH) Present status unknown.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced	Wester, Lyndon (1992) (p. 142)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 4) Confirmed by personal communication.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 25)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 96) Voucher cited: Däniker 3010 (Z) Spontané
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 96) Vouchers cited: Balansa 1054, Däniker 2563 (Z), MacKee 29408 Spontané
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 112) Vouchers cited: CHR 170324, CHR 170325, CHR 170326, CHR 170333
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 29)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 7) Voucher: Flynn 6700 (PTBG, US, NIUE)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 92) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9636 (BISH), Yuncker 10162 (BISH) "Frequent in clearings and waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 30172) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625621) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625687) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1992) (voucher ID: BNM 93) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. (1996) (p. 31)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 8)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 8) Voucher: Lorence 9796 (PTBG, BNM, NY,TAMU, US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 89) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 161)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	invasive	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 365) Abundant, waste places particularly on damp ground. Also var alba, abundant in Imperata grassland. The plant has a tuberous root which enables it to survive fires and dry periods.
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 46)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 40) In open, usually moist grasslands, old clearings, etc., at low and medium altitudes.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 69) Voucher: Flynn 6949 (PTBG, US, SAMOA)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 157651) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 157652) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1906) (voucher ID: BISH 157655) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1906) (voucher ID: BISH 440245) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 281) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 65)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28554) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 157650) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 417680) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Anuta Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 80084) Taxon name on voucher: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 43)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 41) Voucher cited: Soakai 562
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41302) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 41) Voucher cited: Parks 16208
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 183) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15585
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 157641) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 157645) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 41) Voucher cited: Soakai 200
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 41190) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 349)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 41) Voucher cited: Crosby 5
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 183) Voucher cited: Yuncker 16030
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 28)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 157642) Taxon name on voucher: Hibiscus abelmoschus
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985) Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 29)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	native	Hyland, B. P. M./Whiffin, T./Zich, F. A. (2011) subsp. tuberosus (Span.) Borss.Waalk. Western Australia
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	native	Hyland, B. P. M./Whiffin, T./Zich, F. A. (2011) subsp. tuberosus (Span.) Borss.Waalk.
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	Hyland, B. P. M./Whiffin, T./Zich, F. A. (2011) subsp. tuberosus (Span.) Borss.Waalk.
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 97)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 9) Casual
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Maldives Maldive Islands	Maldive Islands		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 26)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Todd 2741

Comments:  Smith (1981, p. 423) says it's probably an inadvertent aboriginal introduction to Fiji. Drake et al. (1996, pp. 65-77) list it as a Polynesian introduction to Tonga. It was not seen on ‘Eua or Vava‘u, Tonga, in 2001 (Space & Flynn) so it must be fairly rare at those locations.

Additional information:
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.
Information from the Global Invasive Species Database.
Information from the ASEAN Tropical Plant Database.

Additional online information about Abelmoschus moschatus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Abelmoschus moschatus as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Abelmoschus moschatus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1992. Voucher specimen #BNM93(Kepler, A.K. 92-88).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1906. Voucher specimen #BISH 157655 (Vaupel, F. 227).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1906. Voucher specimen #BISH 440245 (Vaupel, F. 227).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 157675 (Nelson, P. 56).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 157682 (Nelson, P. 56).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1920. Voucher specimen #BISH 157654 (Setchell, W.A. 525).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 157648 (Garber, D.W. 601).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1922. Voucher specimen #BISH 157657 (Aitken, R.T. 922).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 157632 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 499).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1925. Voucher specimen #BISH 157653 (Garber, D.W. 1085).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 157645 (Parks, H.E. 16208).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 157634 (Gillespie, J.W. 4385.2).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 157635 (Gillespie, J.W. 2933).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 157631 (Gillespie, J.W. 4419).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 157633 (Gillespie, J.W. 4773).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 157650 (Christophersen, E. 528).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 157651 (Christophersen, E. 686).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 157652 (Christophersen, E. 722).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 157658 (Wilder, G.P. 942).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1930. Voucher specimen #BISH 157646 (Judd, A.F.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1930. Voucher specimen #BISH 157647 (Judd, A.F.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1930. Voucher specimen #BISH 157649 (Judd, A.F.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 157688 (Takamatsu, M. 152).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1935. Voucher specimen #BISH 409636 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 985).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 157685 (Takamatsu, M. 886).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 157686 (Takamatsu, M. 764).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 157643 (Yuncker, T.G. 9298).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 157644 (Yuncker, T.G. 9035).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1941. Voucher specimen #BISH 157637 (Degener, O. 15061).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 157689 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2717).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 157691 (Fosberg, F.R. 26334).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 157692 (Pelzer, K.J. 101).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 157681 (Wong, C.C.Y. 212).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 157683 (Lessa, W.A. 25).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 157695 (Riesenberg, S.H. 80).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 157694 (Glassman, S.F. 2760).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 157677 (Fosberg, F.R. 31796).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 157641 (Yuncker, T.G. 15585).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 157642 (Yuncker, T.G. 16030).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 157693 (Abbott, D.P. 135).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 14745 (Koroiveibau, D. 10755).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 698397 (Koroiveibau, D. 10755).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 41190 (Soakai, E. 200).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41302 (Soakai, E. 562).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 157676 (Perez, G.S.A. 75).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28554 (Bristol, M.L. 2022).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 80084 (Deyen 18360).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1973. Voucher specimen #BISH 417680 (Whistler, W.A. W 622).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 430269 (Whistler, W.A. W 3064).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 188889 (Fosberg, F.R. 58484).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 652816 (Fosberg, F.R. 60462).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491364 (Florence, J. 3460).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 586801 (Fosberg, F.R. 63494).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 586803 (Fosberg, F.R. 63431).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 667815 (Herbst, D.R. 7500).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 659370 (Fosberg, F.R. 65032).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 553688 (Florence, J. 8095).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 664884 (Sykes, W.R. 473922).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 637946 (McClatchey, W.C. 136).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 625621 (A.K.Kepler 92-89).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 625687 (A.K.Kepler 92-88).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643334 (Florence 11305).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1993. Voucher specimen #BISH 633397 (A.K.Kepler 93-114).

Borssum Waalkes, J. V. 1966. Malesian Malvaceae revised. Blumea 14.

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Drake, D. R./Whistler, W. A./Motley, T. J./Imada, C. T. 1996. Rain forest vegetation of ‘Eua Island, Kingdom of Tonga. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34:65-77.

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Florence, J. 2004. Flore de la Polynésie française, Vol. 2. Paris. IRE Editions, Publications Scientifiques, Collection Faune et Flore Tropicales 41. 503 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Foreman, D. B. 1971. A check list of the vascular plants of Bougainville, with descriptions of some common forest trees. Botany Bulletin No. 5. Division of Botany, Department of Forests. Lae, New Guinea. 194 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1957. The Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 58. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 37 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. 1969. A collection of plants from Fais, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 133. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Hyland, B. P. M./Whiffin, T./Zich, F. A. 2011. Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 6 (online resource).

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 26 pp.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Merlin, M./Juvik, J. 1996. Irá me neeniier nón Chuuk: Plants and their Environments in Chuuk. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp. .

Merrill, Elmer D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 3 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 628 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. 1985. Contribution à la connaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis & Futuna. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris, 4e sér., 7, section B. Adansonia 3 : 259-329.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1980. Voucher specimen #PTBG22138(F. R. Fosberg 60462).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1991. Voucher specimen #PTBG11056(Art Whistler 7922).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1996. Voucher specimen #PTBG21125(David H. Lorence 7860).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2000. Voucher specimen #PTBG30172(Tim Flynn 6700).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG37087(Diane Ragone 2001-07).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG34601(David H. Lorence 8539).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2002. Voucher specimen #PTBG281(Tim Flynn 6949).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2008. Voucher specimen #PTBG89(David H. Lorence 9796).

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