Western Australia Department of Agriculture (AgWest) Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW) Global Compendium of Weeds
Verbena litoralis (Verbenaceae)

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Presented here is summary information about the species Verbena litoralis from the Global Compendium of Weeds, and citations of references to this species as a weed. Definitions of terms are available in the GCW introduction View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format. For further information--or to report corrections or concerns--contact webmaster@hear.org.

Synonyms/other Latin names: [ see GRIN ]

Status(es) (compiled for below "Data sources"): agricultural weed, casual alien, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed [for definitions, see the GCW introduction View info about Adobe Acrobat PDF format.]

Origin (native to where): [no info]


Data sources:

Alien Species. On March 10, the Japanese Cabinet submitted the bill dealing with invasive alien species to the Diet. The Diet passed the bill without amendments and the Invasive Alien Species Act was promulgated as of June 2, 2004. List of alien species recognized to be established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild (as of October 27, 2004) [PDF]

Argentina AGRO Management Malezas Incluidas. Argentinian Software Development Company.

Auld, B.A. and Medd, R.W. (1992) WEEDS, An illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

CALFLORA DATABASE Summaries of geographic distribution, habitat, and lifeform data for the approximately 8400 vascular plant taxa known to be native or naturalized in California, based on published literature as well as specific documented observations.

DiTomaso, J.M. and Healy, E.A. (2003). Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3421.

Environmental Weed List. VEGETATION OF NOOSA SHIRE EDITION 2. This document comprises a list of environmental weeds drawn from Vegetation of Noosa Shire Edition 2. The list is updated from time to time, as new information becomes available.

Forman, Jennifer (2003). "The introduction of American plant species into Europe: issues and Consequences." pp. 17-39 in Plant Invasions: Ecological Threats and Management Solutions. Edited by L.E. Child, J.H. Brock, G. Brundu, K. Prach, P. Pysek, P.M. Wade, and M. Williamson. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. [This is a draft list - please request a reprint from jennforman@knottybits.com to see the full article]

Green, P. (1994) NORFOLK ISLAND SPECIES LIST. In Flora of Australia, Vol.49, AGPS. Australian Biological Resources Study (Peter Green)

Holm, L. G., Pancho, J. V., Herberger, J. P. and Plucknett, D. L. (1979). A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons NewYork, USA

Introduced (Naturalised) Flora of Ecuador: Catalogs on Web site of owners: http://www.ambiente.gov.ec/AMBIENTE/i3n2000 I3N.htm (If this link is broken, try www.ambiente.gov.ec, then access the data by clicking on "Ecuador Megadiverso" link at the top, then on "Biodiversidad del Ecuador" on the right, then on ""I3N"" on the left.) [ online info ]

Introduced (Naturalised) Species to the United States [USDA, NRCS 1999. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. ]

Introduced plants in Galapagos. Introduced Species Registered in the Charles Darwin Research Station Herbarium as present in Galapagos (616 species, not including questionably native species), November 2004.

John Hosking, NSW Department of Agriculture, Weed Database 30 April 2003

Kissman, K.G. & Groth, D. (1995). Plantas Infestantes e Nocivas. Vol 3 - 2nd Ed. BASF.

Landcare Research New Zealand (2001) Plant Names Database.

List of exotic plants that have naturalised within the Wet Tropics Bioregion from Werren, G. (2001) 'Environmental Weeds of the Wet Tropics Bioregion: Risk Assessment & Priority Ranking'. A report prepared for the Wet Tropics Management Authority, Cairns [Source of data: Queensland Herbarium records (HERBRECS) to November 2000; emended by concatenating conspecific subspecies/varieties, and inserting additional species otherwise known to have naturalised within the region]

Lorenzi, H. (2000). Plantas daninhas do Brasil. Terrestres, Aquaticas, Parasitas e Toxicas. 3rd Edition. Instituto Plantarum De Estudos Da Flora Ltda

Marzocca, A. (1994). Guia Descriptiva De Malezas Del Cono Sur. Instituto Nacional De Tecnologia Agropecuaria.

Motooka, P., Castro, l., Nelson, D., Nagai, G. and Ching, L. (2003) Weeds of Hawai'I's Pastures and Natural Areas. An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'I at Manoa.

Pat Enwright (2003) Adventive species of the Wellington Conservancy ecological district. Project initiated by John Sawyer of D.O.C and further refined and updated by Colin Ogle of Wanganui before Ewen Cameron and Mei Nee Lee of the Auckland Museum herbarium very kindly provided lists of adventive species by ecological district for the Wellington Conservancy from the AK database. I must also thank Ewen Cameron and Rhys Gardner for identification of a number of specimens included in this list, Phillipa Crisp from W.R.C. also supplied information on species recorded by or on behalf of W.R.C and not already included in the database. Pat Enwright pers. comm. [Pat.Enright@nz.towerlimited.com]

Plant Threats to Pacific Ecosystems. A product of the Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER). This table lists all species that are profiled on PIER. It includes those of environmental concern (including those that are probably of threat only to islands with high elevations) as well as agricultural and ruderal weeds. Jim Space, PEIR Co-ordinator.

Plants Naturalised in Hawai'i. Bishop Musem, Oahu. DISCLAIMER: Be it known to all who use this web resource, that this is NOT intended to represent a complete, definitive, or authoritative checklist of the flora and fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. This is a Beta-Test site that makes available online a copy of the taxonomic database currently used by the Bishop Museum Botany collection for its collections databases. Some groups in this list have been thoroughly scrutinized and do, in fact, represent an essentially complete checklist for the Hawaiian Islands. Other groups, however, are NOT complete, and only represent an unverified listing of what happens to be in the Bishop Museum specimen collection database.

Richardson, F.J., Richardson, R.G. and Shepherd, R.C.H. (2006). Weeds of the South-East. An identification guide for Australia. R.G. & F.J. Richardson. Meredith, Victoria. ISBN 0958743932, 438 pages. (weed)

Seja Bem Vindo ao Site Plantas Daninhas Aqui você encontrará diversas informaçoes, que estao sendo constantemente atualizadas. (March 2002)

The Exotic Plants of Southern Florida. Exotic Specifics. The Institute for Regional Conservation George D. Gann and Keith A. Bradley irc@regionalconservation.org 22601 S.W. 152 Ave. Miami, Florida 33170.

The Research Institute for Bioresources. Okayama University. Laboratory of Wild Plant Science. "Naturalized plants from foreign country into Japan".

The Research Institute for Bioresources. Okayama University. Laboratory of Wild Plant Science. "Weeds of Japan".

This list of invasive plants affecting natural areas in the U.S. (including Hawaii) has been compiled from a wide variety of publications, reports, surveys, and occasional personal observations. Sources of plant lists include the National Park Service and other federal agencies, state and local natural resource and related departments, Exotic Pest Plant Councils and related organizations, The Nature Conservancy, and universities. Sources for each plant listed are provided on the table (a legend for the source code is provided from the REFERENCE(S) header). The current list includes over 1000 plants and is updated as needed. Please contact Jil Swearingen (jil_swearingen@nps.gov) regarding any errors, omissions or potential additions to the list.

Tye, A. (2001) Invasive Plant Problems and Requirements for Weed Risk Assessment in the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Weed Risk Assessment Workshop. CSIRO Publishing.

Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. and Lorence, D.H. (2005). Naturalised Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website. (04/25/2006)



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This page was created on 13 September 2007 by PT, and was last updated on 04 October 2007 by PT based on data from Rod Randall's Global Compendium of Weeds database dated 24 January 2007. Valid HTML 4.01!