Global Compendium of Weeds
Verbena bonariensis (Verbenaceae)
Presented here is summary information about the species Verbena bonariensis from the Global Compendium of Weeds, and citations of references to this species as a weed. Definitions of terms are available in the GCW introduction 
. For further information--or to report corrections or concerns--contact webmaster@hear.org.
Synonyms/other Latin names: [ see GRIN ]
Status(es) (compiled for below "Data sources"): agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed [for definitions, see the GCW introduction .]
Origin (native to where): [no info]
Data sources:
CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF FINLAND, based on Kurtto, A. & Lahti, T. 1987: Suomen putkilokasvien luettelo (Checklist of the vascular plants of Finland). - Pamphl. Bot. Mus. Univ. Helsinki 11: I.-VI + 1-163. The list includes all the vascular plants found in Finland up to 1987, excluding those only in cultivation (i.e. taxa found during the past few years - mainly casual plants or plants escaping from cultivation are missing, and erroneous records of the 1987 list have not been corrected)
A list of weed species from various New Zealand references to "weeds" compiled by P.A.Williams, Landcare Research, New Zealand.
ANEXO 1 - Espécies introduzidas em Portugal continental - (I) Invasoras. Legislaçao Nacional Decreto-Lei no. 565/99 de 21-12-1999 (Versao 1 Originária) Decreto-Lei565/9921-12-1999 Ministério do Ambiente Regula a introduçao na natureza de espécies nao indígenas da flora e fauna. Espécies nao indígenas da flora e da fauna 21-12-1999295 fauna, flora, animais domésticos, espécies de fauna ameaçadas, protecçao dos animais, vegetaçao Direito do Ambiente 1999-12-21 S
Alanen, A., Bongard, T., Einarsson, E., Hansen, H., Hedlund, L., Jansson, K., Josefsson, M., Philipp, M., Sandlund, O.T., Svart, A.E., Svart, H.E. and Weidema, I. (2004?). Introduced Species in the Nordic Countries (Denmark) under Nordic Council of Ministers (NMR), subgroup Natur-og Friluftslivsgruppen.
Alien Plants in Korea. National Institute of Environmental Research. NIER : nier.go.kr Director. Deok-Gil Rhee. July 2004.
Alien Species. On March 10, the Japanese Cabinet submitted the bill dealing with invasive alien species to the Diet. The Diet passed the bill without amendments and the Invasive Alien Species Act was promulgated as of June 2, 2004. List of alien species recognized to be established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild (as of October 27, 2004) [PDF]
Annual/Biennial Seed Germination Database (weed) http://www.anet.com/~manytimes/index.htm [ online info ]
Anon (1992). The Grower's Weed Identification Handbook by Family and by Aphabetical Listing. Publication 4030. - Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.
Anon, (----). Species introduced in Continental Portugal [Espécies introduzidas em Portugal Continenta]. ICN - Instituto da Conservacao da Natureza.
Argentina AGRO Management Malezas Incluidas. Argentinian Software Development Company.
Auld, B.A. and Medd, R.W. (1992) WEEDS, An illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne.
Barker, W.R., R.M.Barker, J.P. Jessop & H.P. Vonow (Eds.) (2005). Census of South Australian Vascular Plants. 5th Edition. J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. Supplement 1. (Botanic Gardens of Adelaide & State Herbarium: Adelaide).
Blood, K. (2001) Environmental weeds: A field guide for SE Australia. C.H. Jerram & Associates.
Botha, C. (2001). Common Weeds of Crops and Gardens in Southern Africa. ARC - Grain Crops Institute, South Africa.
Botond, M. & Zoltán, B.D.(eds.) (2004) Biological Invasions in Hungary. Invasive Plants. TermészetBUVAR Alapítvány Kiadó.
Bromilow, C. (1995) Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Arcardia, South Africa.
Bushland Weeds of the Blue Mountains Region. These lists were compiled by the Blue Mountains Bushcare Network. PO Box 126 Leura, NSW, 2780
CALFLORA DATABASE Summaries of geographic distribution, habitat, and lifeform data for the approximately 8400 vascular plant taxa known to be native or naturalized in California, based on published literature as well as specific documented observations.
Carr, G.W., Yugovic, J.V. and Robinson, K.E. (1992). Environmental Weed Invasions in Victoria. Department of Conservation and Environment. Melbourne
Colin C. Ogle (last revision May 2003). Adventive plants collected in the Wanganui Conservancy of the New Zealand Department of Conservation, 1988-present. (Unpublished working list). Author's address: 22 Forres St, Wanganui, New Zealand. Email: robcol.ogle@xtra.co.nz
Darrow, R.A. Erickson, L.C. Holstrum, J.T.Jnr., Miller, J.F., Scudder, W.F. and Williams, J.L. Jnr. (1966) Report of the Terminology Committee, Standardized Names of Weeds. WSSA (14), 346-386. Weed Science Society of America.
DiTomaso, J.M. and Healy, E.A. (2003). Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3421.
Environmental Weed List Victoria. Supplied by Weedmanager.Net (Source not cited but possibly drawn from Carr et al. Environmental Weeds of Victoria)
Environmental Weed List. VEGETATION OF NOOSA SHIRE EDITION 2. This document comprises a list of environmental weeds drawn from Vegetation of Noosa Shire Edition 2. The list is updated from time to time, as new information becomes available.
Forman, Jennifer (2003). "The introduction of American plant species into Europe: issues and Consequences." pp. 17-39 in Plant Invasions: Ecological Threats and Management Solutions. Edited by L.E. Child, J.H. Brock, G. Brundu, K. Prach, P. Pysek, P.M. Wade, and M. Williamson. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. [This is a draft list - please request a reprint from jennforman@knottybits.com to see the full article]
G.R.I.N. TAXON Database http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/tax/index.html GRIN synonyms [ online info ]
Green, P. (1994) NORFOLK ISLAND SPECIES LIST. In Flora of Australia, Vol.49, AGPS. Australian Biological Resources Study (Peter Green)
Henderson, M., and Anderson, JG. (1966). Common Weeds of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Surveys of South Africa N° 37, Department of Agriculture, Technical Services, Republic of South Africa.
Henty, E.E. and Pritchard, G.S. (1973) Weeds of New Guinea and their control. Botany Bulletin N°7. Department of Forests. Div. of Botany. Lae, P.N.G. (All plants illustrated, kept in Agency library)
Hill, M., Baker, R., Broad, G., Chandler, P.J., Copp, G.H., Ellis, J., Jones, D., Hoyland, C., Laing, I., Longshaw, M., Moore, N., Parrott, D., Pearman, D., Preston, C., Smith, R.M. and Waters, R.(2005). Audit of non-native species in England. English Nature Research Reports N° 662, English Nature.
Holm, L. G., Pancho, J. V., Herberger, J. P. and Plucknett, D. L. (1979). A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons NewYork, USA
Holtze, M. (1892). Introduced Plants into the Northern Territory. Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society of South Australia. Vol. XV for 1891-91. (Tate, R. Ed.)
HortGuard and GrainGuard Initial Threat List Compilations
Hussey, B.M.J., Keighery, G.J., Cousens, R.D., Dodd, J. and Lloyd. S.G. (1997). Western Weeds, a guide to the weeds of Western Australia. Plant Protection Society of Western Australia, Inc Western Australia. [list of images held in slide collection from original publication]
I3N-Paraguay Datasets. Naturalised Flora.
Introduced (Naturalised) Species to the United States [USDA, NRCS 1999. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. ] (naturalised)
J.H.Kil, K.C.Shim, S.H.Park, K.S.Koh, M.H.Suh, Y.B.Ku, S.U.Suh, H.K.Oh, and H.Y.Kong (2004). Distributions of Naturalized Alien Plants in South Korea. Weed Technology. Vol 18. pp:1493-1495. [An Illustrated Internet Guide to Alien Plants in Korea (http://alienplant.nier.go.kr)] [ online info ]
John Hosking, NSW Department of Agriculture, Weed Database 30 April 2003
Keighery, G. and Longman, V. (2004). The naturalized vascular plants of Western Australia 1: Checklist, environmental weeds and Distribution in IBRA Regions. Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19 (1). pp:12-32.
Kissman, K.G. & Groth, D. (1995). Plantas Infestantes e Nocivas. Vol 3 - 2nd Ed. BASF.
Landcare Research New Zealand (2001) Plant Names Database.
Liogier, H.A. (2000). Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. A Systematic Synopsis. (2nd Edition). Universidad de Puerto Rico
us records of the 1987 list have not been corrected)
A list of weed species from various New Zealand references to "weeds" compiled by P.A.Williams, Landcare Research, New Zealand.
ANEXO 1 - Espécies introduzidas em Portugal continental - (I) Invasoras. Legislaçao Nacional Decreto-Lei no. 565/99 de 21-12-1999 (Versao 1 Originária) Decreto-Lei565/9921-12-1999 Ministério do Ambiente Regula a introduçao na natureza de espécies nao indígenas da flora e fauna. Espécies nao indígenas da flora e da fauna 21-12-1999295 fauna, flora, animais domésticos, espécies de fauna ameaçadas, protecçao dos animais, vegetaçao Direito do Ambiente 1999-12-21 S
Alanen, A., Bongard, T., Einarsson, E., Hansen, H., Hedlund, L., Jansson, K., Josefsson, M., Philipp, M., Sandlund, O.T., Svart, A.E., Svart, H.E. and Weidema, I. (2004?). Introduced Species in the Nordic Countries (Denmark) under Nordic Council of Ministers (NMR), subgroup Natur-og Friluftslivsgruppen.
Alien Plants in Korea. National Institute of Environmental Research. NIER : nier.go.kr Director. Deok-Gil Rhee. July 2004.
Alien Species. On March 10, the Japanese Cabinet submitted the bill dealing with invasive alien species to the Diet. The Diet passed the bill without amendments and the Invasive Alien Species Act was promulgated as of June 2, 2004. List of alien species recognized to be established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild (as of October 27, 2004) [PDF]
Annual/Biennial Seed Germination Database (weed) http://www.anet.com/~manytimes/index.htm [ online info ]
Anon (1992). The Grower's Weed Identification Handbook by Family and by Aphabetical Listing. Publication 4030. - Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.
Anon, (----). Species introduced in Continental Portugal [Espécies introduzidas em Portugal Continenta]. ICN - Instituto da Conservacao da Natureza.
Argentina AGRO Management Malezas Incluidas. Argentinian Software Development Company.
Auld, B.A. and Medd, R.W. (1992) WEEDS, An illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne.
Barker, W.R., R.M.Barker, J.P. Jessop & H.P. Vonow (Eds.) (2005). Census of South Australian Vascular Plants. 5th Edition. J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. Supplement 1. (Botanic Gardens of Adelaide & State Herbarium: Adelaide).
Blood, K. (2001) Environmental weeds: A field guide for SE Australia. C.H. Jerram & Associates.
Botha, C. (2001). Common Weeds of Crops and Gardens in Southern Africa. ARC - Grain Crops Institute, South Africa.
Botond, M. & Zoltán, B.D.(eds.) (2004) Biological Invasions in Hungary. Invasive Plants. TermészetBUVAR Alapítvány Kiadó.
Bromilow, C. (1995) Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Arcardia, South Africa.
Bushland Weeds of the Blue Mountains Region. These lists were compiled by the Blue Mountains Bushcare Network. PO Box 126 Leura, NSW, 2780
CALFLORA DATABASE Summaries of geographic distribution, habitat, and lifeform data for the approximately 8400 vascular plant taxa known to be native or naturalized in California, based on published literature as well as specific documented observations.
Carr, G.W., Yugovic, J.V. and Robinson, K.E. (1992). Environmental Weed Invasions in Victoria. Department of Conservation and Environment. Melbourne
Colin C. Ogle (last revision May 2003). Adventive plants collected in the Wanganui Conservancy of the New Zealand Department of Conservation, 1988-present. (Unpublished working list). Author's address: 22 Forres St, Wanganui, New Zealand. Email: robcol.ogle@xtra.co.nz
Darrow, R.A. Erickson, L.C. Holstrum, J.T.Jnr., Miller, J.F., Scudder, W.F. and Williams, J.L. Jnr. (1966) Report of the Terminology Committee, Standardized Names of Weeds. WSSA (14), 346-386. Weed Science Society of America.
DiTomaso, J.M. and Healy, E.A. (2003). Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3421.
Environmental Weed List Victoria. Supplied by Weedmanager.Net (Source not cited but possibly drawn from Carr et al. Environmental Weeds of Victoria)
Environmental Weed List. VEGETATION OF NOOSA SHIRE EDITION 2. This document comprises a list of environmental weeds drawn from Vegetation of Noosa Shire Edition 2. The list is updated from time to time, as new information becomes available.
Forman, Jennifer (2003). "The introduction of American plant species into Europe: issues and Consequences." pp. 17-39 in Plant Invasions: Ecological Threats and Management Solutions. Edited by L.E. Child, J.H. Brock, G. Brundu, K. Prach, P. Pysek, P.M. Wade, and M. Williamson. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. [This is a draft list - please request a reprint from jennforman@knottybits.com to see the full article]
G.R.I.N. TAXON Database http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/tax/index.html GRIN synonyms [ online info ]
Green, P. (1994) NORFOLK ISLAND SPECIES LIST. In Flora of Australia, Vol.49, AGPS. Australian Biological Resources Study (Peter Green)
Henderson, M., and Anderson, JG. (1966). Common Weeds of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Surveys of South Africa N° 37, Department of Agriculture, Technical Services, Republic of South Africa.
Henty, E.E. and Pritchard, G.S. (1973) Weeds of New Guinea and their control. Botany Bulletin N°7. Department of Forests. Div. of Botany. Lae, P.N.G. (All plants illustrated, kept in Agency library)
Hill, M., Baker, R., Broad, G., Chandler, P.J., Copp, G.H., Ellis, J., Jones, D., Hoyland, C., Laing, I., Longshaw, M., Moore, N., Parrott, D., Pearman, D., Preston, C., Smith, R.M. and Waters, R.(2005). Audit of non-native species in England. English Nature Research Reports N° 662, English Nature.
Holm, L. G., Pancho, J. V., Herberger, J. P. and Plucknett, D. L. (1979). A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons NewYork, USWu, S.H., Hsieh, C.F. and Rejmanek, M. (2004). Catalouge of the Naturalized Flora of Taiwan. Taiwania, 49 (1) pp:16-31.
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This page was created on 13 September 2007 by PT, and was last updated on
04 October 2007
by PT based on data from Rod Randall's Global Compendium of Weeds database dated 24 January 2007.
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