Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) HEAR bibliography
Xanthium strumarium


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Bibliographic citations for Xanthium strumarium are provided by the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) (www.hear.org). For further information, contact webmaster@hear.org.

Additional information about Xanthium strumarium may be available on HEAR's species information page for this species.


no author. Stone, Charles P./Smith, Clifford W./Tunison, J. Timothy. (eds.). 1992. Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and research. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit.

Whitson, Tom D./Burrill, Larry C./Dewey, Steven A./Cudney, David W./Nelson, B.E./Lee, Richard D./Parker, Robert. Whitson, Tom D. (ed.). 2001. Weeds of the West. 9th ed. Laramie: University of Wyoming.

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (University of Hawaii--Manoa), Honolulu. 184 pp. color illus.

Jamieson, Dean/Denny, Jim. 2001. Hawaii's butterflies & moths: an identification guide to easily observed species. A Hawaii Biological Survey Handbook. Mutual Publishing.

Starr, F./Starr, K./Loope L. 2006. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants on Midway Atoll, Hawaii. An addendum to the 1999 Botanical Survey of Midway Atoll.

Gon III, Samuel M. Ohukaniohia. 2008. Revised List of Hawaiian Names of Plants Native and Introduced with Brief Descriptions and Notes as to Occurrence and Medicinal or Other Values, by Joseph F. Rock Consulting Botanist, Board of Agriculture and Forestry Honolulu, Hawaii, 1920; transcribed and annotated by Samuel M. Ohukaniohia Gon III. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 6:405-442.


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