Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - banuyo. Synonym(s) - Pithecellobium williamsii Elmer.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Wallaceodendron is endemic to the Malesian region, its range extending from North Sulawesi to the Philippine archipelago. (2)ASIA-TROPICAL Malesia: Indonesia - Celebes [n.]; Philippines

(1)Andam, C.P. and M. A. Parker. 2008. Origins of Bradyrhizobium nodule symbionts from two legume trees in the Philippines. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1030–1039. (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41950 [Accessed 21 Aug 2008]

2.02

Native region well within tropics

2.03

(1)tropical coastal and inland rain forest, 0-850 m (2)In forests at low and medium altitudes.

(1)Lewis, G., B. Schrire, B. Mackinder and M. Lock. 2005. Legumes of the World. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (2)Merrill, E.D. 1923. An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants. Volume 2. Bureau of Science, Manila.

2.04

(1)Wallaceodendron is endemic to the Malesian region, its range extending from North Sulawesi to the Philippine archipelago. (2)ASIA-TROPICAL Malesia: Indonesia - Celebes [n.]; Philippines

(1)Andam, C.P. and M. A. Parker. 2008. Origins of Bradyrhizobium nodule symbionts from two legume trees in the Philippines. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1030–1039. (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41950 [Accessed 21 Aug 2008]

2.05

(1)Sometimes planted. [apparently not outside botanical gardens]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

3.01

(1)No evidence [not listed]

(1)Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamew.htm [Accessed 21 Aug 2008]

3.02

(1)No evidence [not listed]

(1)Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamew.htm [Accessed 21 Aug 2008]

3.03

(1)No evidence [not listed]

(1)Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamew.htm [Accessed 21 Aug 2008]

3.04

(1)No evidence [not listed]

(1)Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamew.htm [Accessed 21 Aug 2008]

3.05

(1)With only a single species, the genus Wallaceodendron is endemic to the Malesian region, its range extending from North Sulawesi to the Philippine archipelago. [monotypic genus]

(1)Andam, C.P. and M. A. Parker. 2008. Origins of Bradyrhizobium nodule symbionts from two legume trees in the Philippines. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1030–1039 .

4.01

(1)Unarmed tree

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

4.02

Don't know [Allelopathic potential unknown]

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

4.04

Don't know [no information found on palatability]

4.05

Don't know [no information found on toxicity]

4.06

Don't know [no information found on pests or pathogens]

4.07

Don't know [no information found on toxicity]

4.08

(1)These include the heritable characteristics of the species like acid tolerance, drought tolerance, fire tolerance, diameter size, rotation age, yield potentials and rate of growth among others. For example, in the rehabilitation of grassland areas, we should use acid tolerant, drought and fire tolerant species like ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), narra (Pterocarpus indicus) and banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum). [No indication that this species carried fire]

(1)Gascon, C.N., A. F. Gascon and K. Takahashi (Eds.). 2006. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES: Experiences and Lessons Learned in Mt. Banahaw, Hanunuo Mangyan and Some Community-based Forestry Projects. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences Southern Luzon Polytechnic College University of the Philippines Los Baños

4.09

(1)Banuyo…is intolerant of shade and seems to thrive best in dry places."

(1)Whitfores, H.N. 1911. The Forests of the Philippines. Part 1. Forest Types and Products. Bulletin No. 10. Department of the Interior Bureau of Forestry. Manila.

4.10

(1)Unknown [grows in primary rain forest of Sulawesi, but no information on tolerance to various soil types]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

4.11

(1)A large tree with a short clear trunk to 30 to 40 ft; diameters 4 to 6 ft.

(1)http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Wallaceodendroncelebicum.html [Accessed 21 Aug 2008]

4.12

(1)W. celebicum was reported to be very rare in northern Sulawesi, and no information on trade in the species was available from the area…It is listed in the Red List of the Philippines, where it was regarded as endangered [apparently not forming dense thickets]

(1)Gillett, H. & P. Sinovas. 2008. STRATEGIES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF TIMBER TREE SPECIES SUBJECT TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE: SOUTH EAST ASIA. Available from http://www.unep wcmc.org/forest/timber/pdf/SE%20Asia%20workshop%20report.pdf

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Fabaceae

5.03

Fabaceae

5.04

Woody tree

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

6.02

(1)Seeds circular, flattened,

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

6.03

(1)With only a single species, the genus Wallaceodendron is endemic to the Malesian region, its range extending from North Sulawesi to the Philippine archipelago. [monotypic genus]

(1)Andam, C.P. and M. A. Parker. 2008. Origins of Bradyrhizobium nodule symbionts from two legume trees in the Philippines. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1030–1039 .

6.04

Don't know [no information on self-compatibility]

6.05

(1)Probably most species are bee- and/or butterfly-pollinated [description of Mimosaceae]...Flowers uniform, pentamerous, bisexual. Calyx connate, valvate. Corolla connate, valvate. [Floral morphology suggests generalist insect pollination]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

6.06

Don't know [no information found]

6.07

(1)When the planted trees were assessed of their quarterly height growths (Table 1) the fast growers were narra, banuyo, earpod and kalumpit [banuyo, or W. celebicum, has a fast growth rate, but age of reproductive maturity unknown]

(1)Gascon, C.N., A. F. Gascon and K. Takahashi (Eds.). 2006. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES: Experiences and Lessons Learned in Mt. Banahaw, Hanunuo Mangyan and Some Community-based Forestry Projects. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences Southern Luzon Polytechnic College University of the Philippines Los Baños

7.01

(1)Seeds brown, suborbicular, flat. C. 13 mm in diameter. [No evidence, and relatively large seeds unlikely to be accidentally dispersed]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

7.02

(1)Used for furniture, light construction, flooring, telegraph poles. Sometimes planted.

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

7.03

(1)Seeds brown, suborbicular, flat. C. 13 mm in diameter. [No evidence, and relatively large seeds unlikely to be accidentally dispersed]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

7.04

(1)In Wallaceodendron, the one-seeded segments are adapted to wind-dispersal.

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

7.05

Possibly (1)The peculiar envelopes of the seed, formed by the endocarp, suggest that it possibly is dispersed locally by wind or water. [Large seed pods or seeds envelopes could possibly float]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

7.06

(1)Seeds…without aril [no adaptations for bird dispersal]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

7.07

(1)Seeds brown, suborbicular, flat. C. 13 mm in diameter. [No means of external attachment]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

7.08

Don't know [no information found on gut passage]

8.01

Probably not (1)Pod…9.5-20 by 2.5-4 cm…Seeds…c. 13 mm in diameter [large pod and seed size highly unlikely to produce seed densities >1000/m2]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

8.02

(1)"These seeds also have a pleurogram on the outer surface. The seeds of this group have a very long dormancy, the hard seed coat protecting the embryo against desiccation, physical damage and damage by predators…In Malesia the following genera of tribe Ingeae have a hard seed coat with pleurogram: Albizia, Cathormion, Parachidendron, Paraserianthes, Samanea, Serianthes, and Wallaceodendron." [although no specific longevity information is given, this reference suggests long seed viability]

(1)Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Flora Malesiana. Series I - Spermatophyta. Volume 11 - part 1 Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Foundation Flora Malesiana. Leiden University, The Netherlands.

8.03

Don't know [no information found on control with herbicides]

8.04

(1)These include the heritable characteristics of the species like acid tolerance, drought tolerance, fire tolerance, diameter size, rotation age, yield potentials and rate of growth among others. For example, in the rehabilitation of grassland areas, we should use acid tolerant, drought and fire tolerant species like ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), narra (Pterocarpus indicus) and banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum). [possibly fire tolerant, but unknown which trait or traits refer to Wallaceodendron]

(1)Gascon, C.N., A. F. Gascon and K. Takahashi (Eds.). 2006. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES: Experiences and Lessons Learned in Mt. Banahaw, Hanunuo Mangyan and Some Community-based Forestry Projects. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences Southern Luzon Polytechnic College University of the Philippines Los Baños

8.05

Don't know