Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Veitchia joannis (Joannis palm)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence of introductions or naturalization

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Native to Fiji.

(1)Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM databse. (2) Krempin, J. Palms and Cycads around the world. Horwitz Grahame Pvt Ltd.

2.02

http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Veitchia/joannis.html

2.03

Hardiness range 10B -11.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM databse.

2.04

Native to Fiji.

(1)Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM databse. (2) Krempin, J. Palms and Cycads around the world. Horwitz Grahame Pvt Ltd.

2.05

'This is a very popular ornamental palm throughout the tropics. ' - [This suggests that the species has been introduced throughout the tropics, however did not find any evidence of introduction of naturalization from various Floras.]

http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Veitchia/joannis.html

3.01

No evidence of introductions or naturalization

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM databse.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No serious pests and diseases recorded on this palm.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM databse.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

A siingle trunked palm

http://www.bsygarden.com.cn/palm038_e.htm

4.09

Prefers shade as a youngster, but grows into full sun.

http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Veitchia/joannis.html

4.1

Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates salt, somewhat drought tolerant.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM databse.

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

A palm in Arecaceae.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM databse.

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

Fruits 4 to 5 cm long.

Krempin, J. Palms and Cycads around the world. Horwitz Grahame Pvt Ltd.

6.02

Seeds germinate quickly.

Krempin, J. Palms and Cycads around the world. Horwitz Grahame Pvt Ltd.

6.03

'Although genetic evidence of hybridization is lacking there is considerable circumstantial evidence that V. arecina , V. winin and V. joannis can hybridize in gardens. Moreover the possibility of intergeneric hybridization involving other genera of the Ptychospermatinae, cannot be discounted. Cultivated specimens that do not fit the description herein may represent hybrids.'

Zona, S. & Fuller, D. 1999. A revision of Veitchia (Arecaceae - Arecoideae). Harvard papers in Botany. 4(2): 543 -560.

6.04

Monoecious - self pollinating.

Krempin, J. Palms and Cycads around the world. Horwitz Grahame Pvt Ltd.

6.05

Monoecious - self pollinating.

Krempin, J. Palms and Cycads around the world. Horwitz Grahame Pvt Ltd.

6.06

No evidence of spread by vegetative means (single trunked palm)

6.07

No information

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM databse.

7.02

Probably yes because - 'This is a very popular ornamental palm throughout the tropics. '

http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Veitchia/joannis.html

7.03

Fruits 4 to 5 cm long.

7.04

Large seeds

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Ducula pigeons

home.nestor.minsk.by/world/fiji/2001/010720tx.html

7.07

'stone' is regurgitated. (too large to pass through gut)

home.nestor.minsk.by/world/fiji/2001/010720tx.html

7.08

'stone' is regurgitated. (too large to pass through gut)

home.nestor.minsk.by/world/fiji/2001/010720tx.html

8.01

No information on seed size and number.

8.02

Arecaceae (short seed viability)

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

No evidence the species being controlled for.

8.05

Don’t know.