Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Thunbergia mysorensis


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -6


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) T. Anderson ex Bedd.; Hexacentris mysorensis, mysore clock vine

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Country of Origin: India {specifically, Mysore, India}

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199900057.html

2.02

2.03

Cold hardy to 25-30 degrees F. USDA Zone: 10-11

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199900057.html

2.04

Country of Origin: India {specifically, Mysore, India}

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199900057.html

2.05

widely if not commonly cultivated

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.459

3.01

subspontaneous in secondary vegetation in the Mascarene Islands

Jean-Yves Meyer, Christophe Lavergne. 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions. 10: 333

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

T.alata is also considered invasive in Australia

http://www.hear.org/pier/pdf/pohreports/thunbergia_alata.pdf

4.01

no description of these traits

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.459

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Habitat: evergreen climbing vine

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199900057.html

4.09

(1)full sun or part shade (2)Sun Exposure: Light shade (3) Full sun, light shade

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199900057.html (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Thunbergia_mysorensis.html (3)http://www.plantsafari.com/Catalog2/Detail/01210.html

4.1

(1)fertile, well drained soil in sunny places are prefered (2)Soil pH requirements:
6.1 to 7.8 (3)plants are of easy culture in any moderately good soil, but thrive best in a rich compost of fibrous loam and sand, to which may be added a small quantity of well-decayed manure.

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.459 (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1800/ (2)http://www.factopia.com/gardening-vol4/thunbergia.htm

4.11

woody-stemmed climber

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199900057.html

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

liana, Acanthaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

liana

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Propagation Methods:

From softwood cuttings

From seed; sow indoors before last frost

By simple layering

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1800.html///

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Sweet nectar is produced in copious quantities, attracting hummingbirds.

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199900057.html

6.06

Propagation Methods:
From softwood cuttings
From seed; sow indoors before last frost
By simple layering

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1800.html///

6.07

no evidence

7.01

no evidence

7.02

widely if not commonly cultivated

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.459

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

fruit a capsule but infrequently formed in cultivation

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.459

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

The rounded fruiting capsule, which which ends in a beak has four seeds. (description of the genus)[few seeds in a fruit]

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.779

8.02

Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds. Properly cleaned, seed can be successfully stored

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1800.html///

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence


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