Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Family - Acanthaceae . Common Names(s) -(babbler's-vine, malayische Thunbergie, laurel clockvine, blue thunbergia, blue trumpet vine, laurel clock vine, purple allamanda) . Synonym(s) - Thunbergia grandiflora var. laurifolia (Lindl.) Benoist.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

11

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) No evidence of domestication.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Asia temperate: China, Taiwan; Asia tropical: Indochina, Malaysia (2) Native to India

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?36609 (2) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

2.02

(1) Native to Asia temperate: China, Taiwan; Asia tropical: Indochina, Malaysia (2) Native to India

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?36609 (2) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

2.03

(1) USDA zone 10a - 11. (2) Sparingly naturalized along roadsides 0-300 m. Tahiti, Naturalized along one roadside 800-850 m Viti Levu (Fiji).

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/88310/ (2) http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:gn8ww-5_Ik0J:www.blackwellpublishing.com/products/journals/suppmat/DDI/DDI094/DDI094AppendixS2.doc+thunbergia+laurifolia+%2B+%22elevation%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us [Cited 2008 Oct 15].

2.04

(1) Native to Asia temperate: China, Taiwan; Asia tropical: Indochina, Malayasia

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?36609

2.05

(1) Introduced to Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawaii

(1) Meyer, J.Y. and C. Lavergne. 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions. 10:333-347.

3.01

(1) Naturalized populations were observed in Wailua, Honomanu, and Kokomo, Maui. (2) Naturalized in Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawaii, invasive in Australia.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/thunbergia_laurifolia.pdf (2) Meyer, J.Y. and C. Lavergne. 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions. 10:333-347.

3.02

(1) Found along forest trails or edges of urban gardens.

(1) Meyer, J.Y. and C. Lavergne. 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions. 10:333-347.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

(1) On the alert list for environmental weeds in Australia. (2) Considered a significant environmental weed in the Northern Territory, Australia

(1) http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/pubs/t-laurifolia.pdf (2) Meyer, J.Y. and C. Lavergne. 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions. 10:333-347.

3.05

(1) Thunbergia grandiflora is a serious weed in Australia. (2) Noxious weed in Australia. Escaped from cultivation in Florida, Hawaii, Australia and Singapore.

(1) http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/pubs/t-laurifolia.pdf (2) http://209.85.173.104/custom?q=cache:jm5nxaM_V4QJ:www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/thunbergia_grandiflora.pdf+Thunbergia+grandiflora&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, burrs.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

4.02

No evidence of allelopathy.

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

4.04

Don't know

4.05

(1) No evidence.

(1) Searched primary lit. and Pubmed and Toxnet.

4.06

(1) No evidence. (2) No evidence of being a host.(3) No evidence of harboring pathogens or pests.

(1) http://fppd.cbio.psu.edu/ (2) http://cogeme.ex.ac.uk/search.html (3) http://affashop.gov.au/PdfFiles/PC12781.pdf

4.07

(1) No evidence of allergies or toxicity to humans.

(1) Toxnet and PubMed.

4.08

No evidence (1) a vine

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

4.09

(1) Requires full sun.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/88310/

4.10

(1) Tolerates pH of 6.1-7.8.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/88310/

4.11

(1) Vine (2) The plant is of vigorous growth and may smother and kill trees over which it grows.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes). (2) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.UPWTA.1_98&pgs=&cookieSet=1 [Cited 2008 )ct 16].

4.12

(1) Meyer, J.Y. and C. Lavergne. 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions. 10:333-347.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.01

(1) Vine

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.02

(1) Vine

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.03

(1) Vine

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.04

(1) Extensive underground tubers.

(1) http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:fodj7MEjjBMJ:www.dpi.qld.gov.au/cps/rde/xbcr/dpi/IPA-Thunbergia-PP23.pdf+thunbergia+laurifolia+%2B+%22soil%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us

6.01

(1) Produces seeds abundantly in natural environment. No evidence of substantial reproductive failure.

(1) Meyer, J.Y. and C. Lavergne. 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions. 10:333-347.

6.02

(1) Produces viable seed.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/thunbergia_laurifolia.pdf

6.03

Don't know

6.04

Don't know

6.05

Don't know

6.06

(1) On Maui, T. laurifolia appeared to be spreading vegetatively from plantings into nearby disturbed lowland scrub.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/thunbergia_laurifolia.pdf

6.07

Don't know

7.01

(1) May be spread from dumping of garden cuttings.

(1) http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199900057.html

7.02

(1) Widely use ornamental.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/thunbergia_laurifolia.pdf

7.03

No evidence

7.04

(1) Probably not. "The seed capsule is brown and inconspicuous. It is oval-shaped with pinched ends (ie elliptical), 10 mm long and 4 mm wide. The capsules usually contain two to four hemispherical seeds which have a hollow inner surface like a cap. The seeds are less than 10 mm in diameter and covered with brown scales."

(1) http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/pubs/t-laurifolia.pdf

7.05

(1) Vegetative fragments are dispersed in flood waters.

(1) http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/pubs/t-laurifolia.pdf

7.06

(1) Probably not. "The seed capsule is brown and inconspicuous. It is oval-shaped with pinched ends (ie elliptical), 10 mm long and 4 mm wide. The capsules usually contain two to four hemispherical seeds which have a hollow inner surface like a cap. The seeds are less than 10 mm in diameter and covered with brown scales."

(1) http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/pubs/t-laurifolia.pdf

7.07

(1) Probably not. "The seed capsule is brown and inconspicuous. It is oval-shaped with pinched ends (ie elliptical), 10 mm long and 4 mm wide. The capsules usually contain two to four hemispherical seeds which have a hollow inner surface like a cap. The seeds are less than 10 mm in diameter and covered with brown scales."

(1) http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/pubs/t-laurifolia.pdf

7.08

(1) Probably not. "The seed capsule is brown and inconspicuous. It is oval-shaped with pinched ends (ie elliptical), 10 mm long and 4 mm wide. The capsules usually contain two to four hemispherical seeds which have a hollow inner surface like a cap. The seeds are less than 10 mm in diameter and covered with brown scales."

(1) http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/pubs/t-laurifolia.pdf

8.01

(1) Probably not. "The seed capsule is brown and inconspicuous. It is oval-shaped with pinched ends (ie elliptical), 10 mm long and 4 mm wide. The capsules usually contain two to four hemispherical seeds which have a hollow inner surface like a cap. The seeds are less than 10 mm in diameter and covered with brown scales."

(1) http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/pubs/t-laurifolia.pdf

8.02

Don't know

8.03

(1) Arsenal is the only effective herbicide found to control the plant. Although very effective one application by either overall spraying or injection, rarely achieves 100% kills. Ongoing monitoring and follow-up is needed

(1) http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/cps/rde/xbcr/dpi/IPA-Thunbergia-PP23.pdf

8.04

(1) Soon resprouts from tubers.

(1) http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:fodj7MEjjBMJ:www.dpi.qld.gov.au/cps/rde/xbcr/dpi/IPA-Thunbergia-PP23.pdf+thunbergia+laurifolia+%2B+%22soil%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us

8.05

Don't know