Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Tabebuia ochracea


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -3


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Tabebuia ochracea (yellow Cortez, golden goddess, golden trumpet tree) --Tabebuia chrysantha = Tabebuia ochracea ssp. Neochrysantha

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

uncommon, becoming naturalized [Puerto Rico]

Loigier and Martoorell. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. Editorial de la universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1) Native to Honduras and El Salvador up to the north part of South America. (2)The yellow crust is a native tree from El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua to Venezuela and the north of Brazil.

(1)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/bosque_seco_virtual/bs_web_page/paginas_de_especies
/tabebuia_ochracea.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bochracea
%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG (2)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.1costaricalink.com/trees/cortezaam.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3D
Tabebuia%2Bochracea%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

2.02

2.03

(1)It is found at low elevations of 0 m to 700 ms with climates of dry to humid. (2)lowland dry forest and woodland. (3)an inhabitant of dry forests

(1)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/bosque_seco_virtual/bs_web_page/paginas_de_especies/
tabebuia_ochracea.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2
Bochracea%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG (2)http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/tree_study/americas/2-35.html (3)http://www.stri.org/Educational_Links/guayac/

2.04

(1) Native to Honduras and El Salvador up to the north part of South America. (2)The yellow crust is a native tree from El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua to Venezuela and the north of Brazil.

(1)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/bosque_seco_virtual/bs_web_page/paginas_de_especies/
tabebuia_ochracea.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bochracea%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG (2)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.1costaricalink.com/trees/cortezaam.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bochracea
%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

2.05

(1)Specimens from Asia (India) and South Africa (3)Florida [T. chrysantha is widely cultivated]

(1)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast#namer (2)http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/tabebuia.htm

3.01

uncommon, becoming naturalized [Puerto Rico]

Loigier and Martoorell. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. Editorial de la universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

Tabebuia haemantha is a common weed in Puerto Rico. [not an economic weed]

Holm et al. 1997. An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species. CD-ROM database. Version 1.

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1)Apiosphaeria guaranitica: Brazil
Dictyonella sp.: Brazil
Dictyonella tabebuiae: Brazil
Meliola crescentiae: Brazil
Oswaldina icarahyensis: Brazil
Prospodium tecomicola: Brazil -[The above fungi were not found to be recognized pests.]
(2) 'There are at least 31 species of insects that feed themselves on vegetal weaves of the Yellow Crust
(excluding flowers, fruits, and seeds). These include the larvae of 21 species of nocturnal butterflies, 1 species of fly, 1 species of wasp, adults of 6 species of escarabajos, 2 species of bug and 1 species of ant.'

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/rothschildia/v4n1/textos/corteza.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3D
Tabebuia%2Bochracea%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

4.07

No evidence

4.08

A single trunked tree

4.09

Grow in full sun

http://www.driftwoodgardens.com/goldengoddesstabebuiachrysantha.htm

4.1

No information

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

A tree in Bignoneaceae

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

'Tests on the breeding systems of T. aurea and T. ochracea demonstrated that both species are self-incompatible, with late-acting self-incompatibility.'

Granja-Barros-Mariluza. 2001. Pollination ecology of Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl (Bignoneaceae) in Central Brazil cerrado vegetation. Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. 24 (3): 255-261..

6.02

'Seeds of all 4 species could be stored at room temperature for only 6 months, losing their viability thereafter. However, at -20 deg C the seeds retained their germination capacity over the whole storage period of 24 months.'

Mello, C. M. C. de; Eira, M. T. S. da. 1995. Tabebuia spp. seed conservation. Conservação de sementes de ipês (Tabebuia spp.). Revista Árvore. Vol.19, No.4, pp.427-432, 11 ref.

6.03

No information

6.04

'Tests on the breeding systems of T. aurea and T. ochracea demonstrated that both species are self-incompatible, with late-acting self-incompatibility.'

Granja-Barros-Mariluza. 2001. Pollination ecology of Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl (Bignoneaceae) in Central Brazil cerrado vegetation. Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. 24 (3): 255-261..

6.05

Pollinated by bees.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/bosque_seco_virtual/bs_web_page/paginas_de_especies/
tabebuia_ochracea.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bochracea%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

6.06

A single trunked tree

6.07

No information

7.01

Propagules do not have any means of attachment.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/bosque_seco_virtual/bs_web_page/paginas_de_especies/
tabebuia_ochracea.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bochracea%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

7.02

ornamental

7.03

Probably not - winged seeds.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/bosque_seco_virtual/bs_web_page/paginas_de_especies/
tabebuia_ochracea.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bochracea%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

7.04

(1)Seeds are small and winged. (2)Seeds dispersed by wind.

(1)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/bosque_seco_virtual/bs_web_page/paginas_de_especies/
tabebuia_ochracea.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2Bochracea%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG (2)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=
http://www.1costaricalink.com/trees/cortezaam.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTabebuia%2
Bochracea%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

7.05

no water source

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Probably yes - 'The great amount of seeds per fruit (about 92 in T. aurea and 285 in T. ochracea) … .' [However no information on seed size].

Granja-Barros-Mariluza. 2001. Pollination ecology of Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl (Bignoneaceae) in Central Brazil cerrado vegetation. Revista-Brasileira-de-Botanica. 24 (3): 255-261..

8.02

'Seeds of all 4 species could be stored at room temperature for only 6 months, losing their viability thereafter. However, at -20 deg C the seeds retained their germination capacity over the whole storage period of 24 months.'

Mello, C. M. C. de; Eira, M. T. S. da. 1995. Tabebuia spp. seed conservation. Conservação de sementes de ipês (Tabebuia spp.). Revista Árvore. Vol.19, No.4, pp.427-432, 11 ref.

8.03

No evidence of the species being controlled for.

8.04

The handling of the "cerrado" includes the use of fire, and the vegetation is adapted to its passage. In a well preserved "cerrado", the trees reach a height of 8 to 10 meters. Around 2 million km2 of the Brazilian territory are occupied by "cerrados". Because of the subterranean system of its vegetation, the "cerrado" is rapidly restored after the frequent burnings. [the tree is adapted to cerrado conditions]

http://www.brazilparadise.com/chapada_guim.htm

8.05

Don’t know.


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