Suriana maritima L. Family - Surianaceae. Common Names(s) - Bay cedar.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

?

-1

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

>2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)It was commonly found growing in thickets, on sand dunes and rocky shores, often just back of the high tide line, but is now on the endangered plants list. [rare plant with no evidence of domestication]

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Pantropical but erratic in distribution, absent from western Africa, continental Asia, and Hawaii; abundant in calcareous beach habitats in Micronesia and Polynesia but less frequent in Malesia and Melanesia. The single species is not common in Fiji. (2)The Bay-Cedar is endemic to south Florida, the Caribbean, Central America and the Bahamas.

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai. (2)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

2.02

(1)The Bay-Cedar is endemic to south Florida, the Caribbean, Central America and the Bahamas.

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

2.03

(1)USDA hardiness zones: 10B through 11 (2)Hardiness: USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F) (3)Bay-cedar is strictly costal. It grows on beaches, dunes, sandy thickets (Nelson 1996), and rocky headlands.

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/59234/ [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (3)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

2.04

(1)The Bay-Cedar is endemic to south Florida, the Caribbean, Central America and the Bahamas.

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

2.05

(1)The species has been planted widely as an ornamental. It is listed as endangered in the wild in Florida (Smithsonian Institution 2002). [unclear whether planting is outside of its widespread natural range]

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

3.01

(1)Pantropical but erratic in distribution, absent from western Africa, continental Asia, and Hawaii; abundant in calcareous beach habitats in Micronesia and Polynesia but less frequent in Malesia and Melanesia. The single species is not common in Fiji. (2)The Bay-Cedar is endemic to south Florida, the Caribbean, Central America and the Bahamas. (3)No evidence [widespread natural distribution]

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai. (2)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (3)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 04 Aug 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 04 Aug 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 04 Aug 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 04 Aug 2009]

3.05

(1)This is a monotypic family, meaning that it has only a single genus and species [no evidence]

(1)Nelson, G. 1996. The shrubs and woody vines of Florida: a reference and field guide. Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota, FL.

4.01

(1)This 5- to 20-foot-tall plant has a sturdy, branched trunk that has beautiful, dark brown, rough, flaky bark; the wood of this tree is very hard and heavy. Branches arch gracefully and hold the evergreen leaves on short upturned twigs. The tiny, gray-green leaves are fleshy and minutely downy; the new leaves and twigs are particularly downy. Yellow, cup-shaped flowers may occur singly or in clusters that are inconspicuously set among the leaves. These small flowers occur consistently throughout the year. The seeds of the Bay Cedar are held in a small, brown, five-pointed calyx. [no evidence]

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

4.02

(1)Suriana beachfront. Sandy substrates in the central areas of the North and East Beaches were dominated by Suriana maritima shrubs (to 1.5 m), which provided shelter for herbs such as Boerhavia tetrandra and Phymatosorus scolopendria. [no evidence, and other plants able to grow beneath Suriana stands]

(1)Waldren, S., J. Florence and A. J. Chepstow-Lusty. 1995. A comparison of the vegetation communities from the islands of the Pitcairn Group. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56: 121–144.

4.03

(1)This 5- to 20-foot-tall plant has a sturdy, branched trunk that has beautiful, dark brown, rough, flaky bark; the wood of this tree is very hard and heavy. Branches arch gracefully and hold the evergreen leaves on short upturned twigs. The tiny, gray-green leaves are fleshy and minutely downy; the new leaves and twigs are particularly downy. Yellow, cup-shaped flowers may occur singly or in clusters that are inconspicuously set among the leaves. These small flowers occur consistently throughout the year. The seeds of the Bay Cedar are held in a small, brown, five-pointed calyx. [no evidence]

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

4.04

(1)Key deer (Odocolleus virginanus clavium) and probably other ruminants will not eat the foliage of baycedar (Schaus and others 2002).

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

4.05

(1)Key deer (Odocolleus virginanus clavium) and probably other ruminants will not eat the foliage of baycedar (Schaus and others 2002). [no evidence of toxicity, and not listed as reason why plant is unpalatable]

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

4.06

(1)Pest resistance: no serious pests are normally seen on the plant

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

4.07

(1)Herbalists employ extracts of the leaves and bark to treat rheumatism and skin ulcers and to stop bleeding (Liogier 1990).

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

4.08

(1)Bay-cedar is rare to uncommon in much of its habitat, but occasionally forms thickets. (2)Suriana maritima Stands. Stands of this shrub species, often 4 m tall, line certain sandy shores. They form narrow strips of monospecific assemblages resembling Pemphis in habit, but they are greener in color and have more flexible, less rigid branches. [no evidence that species increases fire risk, or is fire adapted, but dense thickets could potentially carry fire in coastal areas]

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (2)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York.

4.09

(1)Light requirement: plant grows in full sun (2)The species requires full sun to grow and flower.

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

4.10

(1)Soil tolerances: acidic; alkaline; sand; loam;

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

4.11

(1)This 5- to 20-foot-tall plant has a sturdy, branched trunk that has beautiful, dark brown, rough, flaky bark; the wood of this tree is very hard and heavy. Branches arch gracefully and hold the evergreen leaves on short upturned twigs. The tiny, gray-green leaves are fleshy and minutely downy; the new leaves and twigs are particularly downy. Yellow, cup-shaped flowers may occur singly or in clusters that are inconspicuously set among the leaves. These small flowers occur consistently throughout the year. The seeds of the Bay Cedar are held in a small, brown, five-pointed calyx. [no evidence]

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

4.12

(1)Bay-cedar is rare to uncommon in much of its habitat, but occasionally forms thickets. (2)Suriana maritima Stands. Stands of this shrub species, often 4 m tall, line certain sandy shores. They form narrow strips of monospecific assemblages resembling Pemphis in habit, but they are greener in color and have more flexible, less rigid branches.

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (2)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York.

5.01

(1)It was commonly found growing in thickets, on sand dunes and rocky shores, often just back of the high tide line, but is now on the endangered plants list. [coastal, but not aquatic]

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

5.02

(1)Surianaceae

(1)http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28846 [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

5.03

(1)Surianaceae

(1)http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28846 [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

5.04

(1)This 5- to 20-foot-tall plant has a sturdy, branched trunk that has beautiful, dark brown, rough, flaky bark; the wood of this tree is very hard and heavy. Branches arch gracefully and hold the evergreen leaves on short upturned twigs. The tiny, gray-green leaves are fleshy and minutely downy; the new leaves and twigs are particularly downy. Yellow, cup-shaped flowers may occur singly or in clusters that are inconspicuously set among the leaves. These small flowers occur consistently throughout the year. The seeds of the Bay Cedar are held in a small, brown, five-pointed calyx. [no evidence]

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Nelson, G. 1996. The shrubs and woody vines of Florida: a reference and field guide. Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota, FL.

6.02

(1)Bay-Cedar is currently propagated by seed. (2)Propagation Methods: From seed; direct sow outdoors in fall

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SURMARA.PDF [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/59234/ [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

6.03

(1)This is a monotypic family, meaning that it has only a single genus and species [no evidence]

(1)Nelson, G. 1996. The shrubs and woody vines of Florida: a reference and field guide. Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota, FL.

6.04

(1)Self-fertile according to pollination experiments [original results in Spanish]

(1)Lemus-Jiménez, L. J. & N. Ramírez. 2005. Sistemas reproductivos de las plantas en tres hábitats de la planicie costera de Paraguaná, Venezuela. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53 (3-4): 415-430.

6.05

(1)attracts butterflies (2)This plant is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds...The flowers are pale to bright yellow and are small to medium. They often bloom in profusion, and attract many pollinating insects, including bees. In addition, at least two species of butterflies - the Martial Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon martialis) and Mallow Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon istapa) - rely on S. maritima for food in their larval (caterpillar) stage. (3)Inflorescences, solitary or few-flowered cymes, are almost hidden among the leaves. The small, five-merous, bisexual flowers are yellow and develop into clusters of five hard, 3- to 4-mm, dry drupes surrounded by five gray sepals. (Gilman 1999, Howard 1988, Liogier 1988, Little and others 1974).

(1)http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28846 [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/59234/ [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (3)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (4)Olesen, J. M., L. I. Eskildsen and S. Venkatasamy. 2002. Blackwell Science, Ltd Invasion of pollination networks on oceanic islands: importance of invader complexes and endemic super generalists. Diversity and Distributions 8: 181–192.

6.06

(1)It can be propagated from seeds, stem cuttings and also from root suckers. [unknown how far plant can spread by root suckers]

(1)http://www.fao.org/forestry/media/14636/1/0/ [Accessed 04 Aug 2009]

6.07

(1)Growth and Management.—Growth rate of baycedar is described as moderate. [probably flowers in 2+ years] (2)Growth Rate slow

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (2)Misitis, M. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS COMMONLY USED AS HEDGES IN SOUTH FLORIDA. Available from http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/urban_hort/Ornamental%20plants%20commonly%20used%20as%20hedges%20in%20south%20florida.pdf [Accessed 04 Aug 2009]

7.01

(1)fruits drupaceous, free, 3-5 drupes developing and enclosed by calyx, the seed solitary [no means of external attachment]

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Figi (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

7.02

(1)Outstanding plant: plant has outstanding ornamental features and could be planted more

(1)http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28846 [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

7.03

(1)fruits drupaceous, free, 3-5 drupes developing and enclosed by calyx, the seed solitary [no evidence and not grown with produce]

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Figi (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

7.04

(1)Reproduction.—Bay-cedar flowers and fruits intermittently throughout the year (Little and others 1974). The fruits are buoyant and remain viable for long periods in sea water enabling colonization of tropical beaches throughout the world (Nelson 1996).

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

7.05

(1)The fruits are buoyant and remain viable for long periods in sea water enabling colonization of tropical beaches throughout the world.

(1)Nelson, G. 1996. The shrubs and woody vines of Florida: a reference and field guide. Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota, FL.

7.06

(1)Each flower produces up to five seed that dry and become hard...This seed is buoyant and remains viable for long times in seawater. This has allowed the plant to colonize tropical beaches throughout the world, where it helps stabilize beaches and coastal dunes and furnishes food and cover for wildlife. (2)APPENDIX 1. FOOD PLANT SPECIES USED BY PLANT FEEDING LAND BIRDS ON ALDABRA ATOLL, INDIAN OCEAN. [for S. martima, lists that nectar is eaten by one bird species, Nectarina sovimanga, but not fruit or seeds. Other species in appendix have fruit & seeds eaten by other birds] (3)The fruits attract birds that feed on them (Gilman 1999). [

(1)Williams, M.J. 2007. Native Plants for Coastal Restoration: What, When, and How for Florida. USDA, NRCS, Brooksville Plant Materials Center, Brooksville, FL. 51p. (http://www.fl.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/pmc/flplantmaterials.html) (2)Frith, C. B. 1979. Feeding Ecology of Land Birds on West Island, Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean: A Preliminary Survey. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological 286(1011): 195-210. (3)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

7.07

(1)fruits drupaceous, free, 3-5 drupes developing and enclosed by calyx, the seed solitary [no means of external attachment]

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Figi (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

7.08

(1)The fruits attract birds that feed on them (Gilman 1999). [questionable whether seeds are consumed and passed in a viable state through birds. Most references about dispersal state water is major dispersal vector]

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Suriana%20maritima.pdf [Accessed 03 Aug 2009]

8.01

(1)fruits drupaceous, free, 3-5 drupes developing and enclosed by calyx, the seed solitary [probably not with single-seeded drupes]

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Figi (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

8.02

(1)Seed dormancy unknown

(1)Baskin, C. C. and J. M. Baskin. 2000. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Elsevier, San Diego, CA.

8.03

probably susceptible to herbicides, but no information found on control of species

8.04

(1)It has been used as a hedge because it responds well to clipping. Left to grow on its own, Bay-Cedar can be trained into a small tree for a specimen planting in the landscape or in a container. (2)It takes trimming well and can be trained into required size. If straight poles are required it should be pruned periodically.

(1)http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28846 [Accessed 03 Aug 2009] (2)http://www.fao.org/forestry/media/14636/1/0/ [Accessed 04 Aug 2009]

8.05

Unknown