Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Strongylodon macrobotrys A. Gray; jade vine, jade climber, emerald creeper

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-9

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Distributional range:
Native:
ASIA-TROPICAL
Malesia: Philippines [Luzon, Mindoro, Catanduanes]
Other:cultivated elsewhere

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Strongylodon+macrobotrys (21 January 2005)

2.02

2.03

Hardiness: USDA Zones 10 - 11. Jade vine is a tropical liana that does not tolerate frost. Maintain winter temperatures at 60ºF (15.6ºC) or above.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stro_mac.cfm

2.04

Distributional range:
Native:
ASIA-TROPICAL
Malesia: Philippines [Luzon, Mindoro, Catanduanes]
Other:cultivated elsewhere

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Strongylodon+macrobotrys (21 January 2005)

2.05

Notes Cultivated on the island of Montserrat.1; Widely cultivated in the tropics.5
Geographical records Asia5, 6: Hong Kong(I)6, Philippines(N)5, Singapore(I)6
Australasia5: Papua New Guinea(U)5
Caribbean1: Caribbean-TRP(U)1
Central America2: El Salvador(U)2
Pacific Ocean3, 4, 6: Fiji(I)3, 6, Hawaii(I)6, Society Is(I)4

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

there is no indication of Blue Jade is becoming invasive.

http://www.instanthawaii.com/cgi-bin/hawaii?Plants.bjade

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p436.

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

the foliage causes a minor itching sensation so prune with your gloves on

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/57259/index.html

4.08

Jade vine is native to the Philippines where it grows in tropical rain forests.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stro_mac.cfm

4.09

(1)Light: Grow jade vine in full sun with some shade at midday. It performs best where its roots are in the shade and its top in the sun. (2)Full sun to partial shade (3)Light shade

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stro_mac.cfm (2)http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/fyn/publications/drought-tolerant-plants/dtpl-vines.htm (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Strongylodon_macrobotrys.html

4.1

Jade vine grows best in neutral to acidic soils.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stro_mac.cfm

4.11

an evergreen twining vine

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stro_mac.cfm

4.12

no evidence

5.01

Jade vine grows best in neutral to acidic soils.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stro_mac.cfm

5.02

Fabaceae

5.03

no evidence of nodulation

5.04

woody vine

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Propagation: Pieces of semiripe stem can be rooted with bottom heat. Seed should be sown as soon as ripe at 80ºF (26.7ºC) or above.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/stro_mac.cfm

6.03

no evidence

6.04

(1)The jade vine, Strongylodon macrobotrys, is a rare, decorative papilionoid legume that grows at low to medium altitudes in damp, mountainous forests in the Philippine islands. The plant growing in the Palm House at Kew since 1963 has flowered regularly each spring, but until 1995 had never produced seed. This was thought to be due to the absence of its natural pollinator and/or a self-incompatibility mechanism. A revised study of flower structure at the macro- and microscopic (including ultrastructural) levels, has now resulted in successful pollination and viable seed set, and has indicated late acting self incompatibility. (2)Two clones of an identical plant, will not produce seed.

(1)Prychid, C. J. , Owens, S. J. , Rudall, P. J. Fruit and seed set in Strongylodon macrobotrys. Reproductive biology in systematics, conservation and economic botany. Proceedings of a conference, Kew, Richmond, UK, 2-5 September, 1996., 1998, pp. 345-352, 29 ref. (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/57259/index.html

6.05

The jade vine, Strongylodon macrobotrys, is a rare, decorative papilionoid legume that grows at low to medium altitudes in damp, mountainous forests in the Philippine islands. The plant growing in the Palm House at Kew since 1963 has flowered regularly each spring, but until 1995 had never produced seed. This was thought to be due to the absence of its natural pollinator and/or a self-incompatibility mechanism. A revised study of flower structure at the macro- and microscopic (including ultrastructural) levels, has now resulted in successful pollination and viable seed set, and has indicated late acting self incompatibility.

Prychid, C. J. , Owens, S. J. , Rudall, P. J. Fruit and seed set in Strongylodon macrobotrys. Reproductive biology in systematics, conservation and economic botany. Proceedings of a conference, Kew, Richmond, UK, 2-5 September, 1996., 1998, pp. 345-352, 29 ref.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

The vine only matures enough to flower after two years

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/57259/index.html

7.01

no evidence

7.02

"widely if not commonly cultivated"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p436.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

fruit about 5 cm long and contain about 5 oblong seeds [relatively large-sized seed] (2)Legume large, 3-10 seeded.

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. (2)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/96-5&6all.htm

8.02

Seed are only viable for 2 weeks

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p436.

8.03

no evidence

8.04

severe pruning occasionally is fine (and needed)

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/57259/index.html

8.05

no evidence