Strobilanthes glomerata (Nees) T. Anderson Family - Acanthaceae Common Names(s) - Synonym(s) - Goldfussia glomerata Nees in Wall., Goldfussia glomerata (Nees) T. Anderson var. speciosa Hook.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to north-east India (Himalayas), naturalized in Indonesia (Java. (2) Native to Asia-Temperate: China; Asia-Tropical: India, Myanmar.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82 (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35785 [Cited 2009 September 1].

2.02

(1) Native to north-east India (Himalayas), naturalized in Indonesia (Java. (2) Native to Asia-Temperate: China; Asia-Tropical: India, Myanmar.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82 (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35785 [Cited 2009 September 1].

2.03

(1) Habitat 300 - 1500 m. (2) A scrambling shrub that is widely naturalized in Jamaica on pathsides and streambanks between 1100 and 1700 m in elevation

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82. (2) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347.

2.04

(1) Native to north-east India (Himalayas), naturalized in Indonesia (Java. (2) Native to Asia-Temperate: China; Asia-Tropical: India, Myanmar.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82 (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35785 [Cited 2009 September 1].

2.05

There is evidence of introductions but not repeated (propagule pressure). (1) Naturalized in Indonesia (Java). (2) A scrambling shrub that is widely naturalized in Jamaica. (3) Strobilanthes glomerata was introduced to England in the early - mid 1800's.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82 (2) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347. (3) http://books.google.com/books?id=FSsFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=
goldfussia+glomerata&source=bl&ots=bZz5ZQ0dyX&sig=gBLxe7JlC1vhucPMJDN5DgC1Zik&hl=en&ei=e8-dSq_zO4fQtgPt9KAd&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=goldfussia%20glomerata&f=false [Cited 2009 September 1].

3.01

(1) Native to north-east India (Himalayas), naturalized in Indonesia (Java). (2) A scrambling shrub that is widely naturalized in Jamaica on pathsides and streambanks between 1100 and 1700 m in elevation and is considered invasive in the Blue Mountains.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82 (2) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347.

3.02

No control mentioned. (1) A scrambling shrub that is widely naturalized in Jamaica on pathsides and streambanks between 1100 and 1700 m in elevation and is considered invasive in the Blue Mountains.

(1) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347.

3.03

(1) A scrambling shrub that is widely naturalized in Jamaica on pathsides and streambanks between 1100 and 1700 m in elevation and is considered invasive in the Blue Mountains.

(1) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347.

3.04

No control or impacts mentioned in literature.(1) A scrambling shrub that is widely naturalized in Jamaica on pathsides and streambanks between 1100 and 1700 m in elevation and is considered invasive in the Blue Mountains.

(1) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347.

3.05

(1) Strobilanthus hamitonianus is an invasive weed in La Réunion and Mauritius. (2) Strobilanthes hamiltonianus is invasive on Mauritius and naturalized on Réunion.

(1) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347. (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QHgMqnqaW_YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA325&dq=
strobilanthes+%2B+%22weed%22&ots=64qdoAnmRp&sig=WZYzaZaciaVQ1oKHV49yc8AljYY#v=
onepage&q=strobilanthes&f=false [Cited 2009 September 1].

4.01

(1) Shrub to 2 m. Stems and nodes pubescent. Leaves strongly anisophyllous, the smaller leaves less than a fifth as long as the larger; petioles 6 - 30 mm long, to widely elliptic or narrowly ovate, densely pubescent, margin serrate with shallow, widely spaced teeth, ciliate with red multicellular hairs, apex sometimes falcate with an asymmetrical acuminate tip, base strongly asymmetrical, one half rounded the other decurrent; 5 - 6 lateral veins either side of the midrib, indumentum above as lamina, pubescent below. Inflorescenceo f 4 - 8-flowered heads borne in the axils of the main stem or in the axils of short axillary shoots, only one corolla maturing at a time, 25 - 35 x 10 - 14 mm with an eared appearance, subtended by a pair of opposite, anisophyllous, sterile, leaf-like inflorescence bracts; lamina 13 - 18 x 6.5 - 7 mm, densely pubescent, margin serrate; inflorescence axes 3 - 9 mm long, densely pubescent. Floral bracts green, outer bracts 30 - 32 x 5 - 6.5 mm, inner bracts, 16 - 17 x 3 - 4 mm, lanceolate, pubescent above in upper half with red erect multicellular hairs, pubescent below, margin of outer bracts serrate, of inner bracts entire, ciliate, apex acuminate; 2 lateral veins either side of a prominent midrib. Bracteoles green, 8.5 - 12 x 1.5 - 2 mm, lanceolate, pubescent. Calyx green, lobes basally connate, anterior lobes 13 x 1.5 mm, posterior lobes 10 x 1.5 mm, accrescent in fruit to 21 mm long, very narrowly elliptic, glabrous above, pubescent in upper half with red multicellular hairs below, apex acute. Corolla purple with a white tube, 40 - 61 mm long, subventricose above a short tube; exterior pubescent in lower half with glandular hairs; tube 1.5 - 2.0 mm diameter, cylindrical for 8 - 16 mm then abruptly bending through 90'; throat widening asymmetrically to 17 mm diameter; lobes 4 x 7 mm, retuse. Stamens included; filaments glabrous, posterior pair 7 - 9.5 mm long, sometimes unequal in length, anterior pair 1.5 mm; anthers 2 x 1.5 mm, oblong, connective muticous. Pollen ellipsoidal, P:E ratio 1.3 - 1.9, 94 - 119 x 50 - 86 pm, tricolporate, pseudocolpate, 21 pseudocolpi, 18 ribs, bireticulate. Style 30 mm long, glabrous. Ovary glabrous, 1.8 x 0.8 mm. Capsule fusiform, 12 x 3.6 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, areola 0.8 x 0.2 mm, extra-areolar region covered in dense, matted hairs lacking secondary thickening; retinacula 1.6 mm long.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Shrub to 2 m. Stems and nodes pubescent. Leaves strongly anisophyllous, the smaller leaves less than a fifth as long as the larger; petioles 6 - 30 mm long, to widely elliptic or narrowly ovate, densely pubescent, margin serrate with shallow, widely spaced teeth, ciliate with red multicellular hairs, apex sometimes falcate with an asymmetrical acuminate tip, base strongly asymmetrical, one half rounded the other decurrent; 5 - 6 lateral veins either side of the midrib, indumentum above as lamina, pubescent below. Inflorescenceo f 4 - 8-flowered heads borne in the axils of the main stem or in the axils of short axillary shoots, only one corolla maturing at a time, 25 - 35 x 10 - 14 mm with an eared appearance, subtended by a pair of opposite, anisophyllous, sterile, leaf-like inflorescence bracts; lamina 13 - 18 x 6.5 - 7 mm, densely pubescent, margin serrate; inflorescence axes 3 - 9 mm long, densely pubescent. Floral bracts green, outer bracts 30 - 32 x 5 - 6.5 mm, inner bracts, 16 - 17 x 3 - 4 mm, lanceolate, pubescent above in upper half with red erect multicellular hairs, pubescent below, margin of outer bracts serrate, of inner bracts entire, ciliate, apex acuminate; 2 lateral veins either side of a prominent midrib. Bracteoles green, 8.5 - 12 x 1.5 - 2 mm, lanceolate, pubescent. Calyx green, lobes basally connate, anterior lobes 13 x 1.5 mm, posterior lobes 10 x 1.5 mm, accrescent in fruit to 21 mm long, very narrowly elliptic, glabrous above, pubescent in upper half with red multicellular hairs below, apex acute. Corolla purple with a white tube, 40 - 61 mm long, subventricose above a short tube; exterior pubescent in lower half with glandular hairs; tube 1.5 - 2.0 mm diameter, cylindrical for 8 - 16 mm then abruptly bending through 90'; throat widening asymmetrically to 17 mm diameter; lobes 4 x 7 mm, retuse. Stamens included; filaments glabrous, posterior pair 7 - 9.5 mm long, sometimes unequal in length, anterior pair 1.5 mm; anthers 2 x 1.5 mm, oblong, connective muticous. Pollen ellipsoidal, P:E ratio 1.3 - 1.9, 94 - 119 x 50 - 86 pm, tricolporate, pseudocolpate, 21 pseudocolpi, 18 ribs, bireticulate. Style 30 mm long, glabrous. Ovary glabrous, 1.8 x 0.8 mm. Capsule fusiform, 12 x 3.6 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, areola 0.8 x 0.2 mm, extra-areolar region covered in dense, matted hairs lacking secondary thickening; retinacula 1.6 mm long. (2) Not parasitic.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82 (2) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html [Cited 2009 September 1].

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 1]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 September 1].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 1]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 September 1].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) All the Strobilanthes grow better in semi-shade and shade.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=2H4-39ZufiEC&pg=PA165&dq=Strobilanthes+glomerata&lr=#v=onepage&q=Strobilanthes%20glomerata&f=false [Cited 2009 September 1].

4.10

(1) Strobilanthes glomerata occurs on limestone in Southern Yunnan, China.

(1) Zhu, H., Wang, H., Li, B., Sirirugsa, P., 2003. Biogeography and Floristic Affinities of the Limestone Flora in Southern Yunnan, China. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90, 444-465.

4.11

(1) Shrub to 2 m.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

4.12

(1) Forms thickets at pathsides in sheltered places.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=tkTKtH77KpoC&dq=goldfussia+glomerata+%2B+%22soil%22+&q=
goldfussia+glomerata#v=snippet&q=goldfussia%20glomerata&f=false [Cited 2009 September 1].

5.01

(1) Shrub to 2 m.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

5.02

(1) Acanthaceae

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

5.03

(1) Acanthahaceae

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

5.04

(1) Shrub to 2 m.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

Unknown (1) Reproduction is vegetative in introduced countries. (2) The shrub Strobilanthes sp. shows a synchronized flowering and fruiting occurring once before the entire population dies. Each species of this shrub genera has a different rhythm ranging from 5-12 years. The seedlings grow up simultaneously.

(1) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347. (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Mr8JQ7ERhWYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA401&dq=
strobilanthes+%2B+%22pollination%22&ots=44GGvka-Ua&sig=GnPO7QLruvlLg7VDOD0QsjIyhyo#v=onepage&q=strobilanthes&f=false [Cited 2009 September 1].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Unknown (1) Reproduction is vegetative in introduced countries.

(1) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347.

6.06

(1) Reproduction is vegetative in introduced countries.

(1) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347.

6.07

(1) The shrub Strobilanthes sp. shows a synchronized flowering and fruiting occurring once before the entire population dies. Each species of this shrub genera has a different rhythm ranging from 5-12 years. The seedlings grow up simultaneously.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Mr8JQ7ERhWYC&oi=fnd&pg=
PA401&dq=strobilanthes+%2B+%22pollination%22&ots=44GGvka-Ua&sig=GnPO7QLruvlLg7VDOD0QsjIyhyo#v=onepage&q=strobilanthes&f=false [Cited 2009 September 1].

7.01

No mechanism for attachment. (1) Capsule fusiform, 12 x 3.6 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, areola 0.8 x 0.2 mm, extra-areolar region covered in dense, matted hairs lacking secondary thickening; retinacula 1.6 mm long.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

7.02

(1) Naturalized in Indonesia (Java). (2) A scrambling shrub that is widely naturalized in Jamaica. (3) Strobilanthes glomerata was introduced to England in the early - mid 1800's.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82 (2) Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., 2004. Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo-Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10, 333-347. (3) http://books.google.com/books?id=FSsFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=goldfussia+glomerata&
source=bl&ots=bZz5ZQ0dyX&sig=gBLxe7JlC1vhucPMJDN5DgC1Zik&hl=en&ei=e8-dSq_zO4fQtgPt9KAd&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=goldfussia%20glomerata&f=false [Cited 2009 September 1].

7.03

Unlikely. (1) Capsule fusiform, 12 x 3.6 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, areola 0.8 x 0.2 mm, extra-areolar region covered in dense, matted hairs lacking secondary thickening; retinacula 1.6 mm long.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

7.04

(1) Capsule fusiform, 12 x 3.6 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, areola 0.8 x 0.2 mm, extra-areolar region covered in dense, matted hairs lacking secondary thickening; retinacula 1.6 mm long.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

7.05

(1) Capsule fusiform, 12 x 3.6 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, areola 0.8 x 0.2 mm, extra-areolar region covered in dense, matted hairs lacking secondary thickening; retinacula 1.6 mm long.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

7.06

(1) Capsule fusiform, 12 x 3.6 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, areola 0.8 x 0.2 mm, extra-areolar region covered in dense, matted hairs lacking secondary thickening; retinacula 1.6 mm long.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

7.07

No means of attachment. (1) Capsule fusiform, 12 x 3.6 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, areola 0.8 x 0.2 mm, extra-areolar region covered in dense, matted hairs lacking secondary thickening; retinacula 1.6 mm long.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

7.08

Unknown. (1) Capsule fusiform, 12 x 3.6 mm, glabrous. Seeds 4, areola 0.8 x 0.2 mm, extra-areolar region covered in dense, matted hairs lacking secondary thickening; retinacula 1.6 mm long.

(1) Bennett, J.R., Scotland, R.W., 2003. A revision of Stobilanthes (Acanthaceae) In Java. Kew Bulletin 58, 1-82

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown