Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Spathiphyllum cannifolium (Spathiphyllum cannaefolium; spathe flower, peace lily)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence of naturalization

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1) Origin: Philippines. Climate group: Sub-tropical.
(2) Distributional range:
Native: Southern America: Colombia; Guyana; Trinidad and Tobago [Trinidad]; Venezuela [conflicting origin but both are tropical/subtropical]

(1) Horticopia Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.
(2) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35204 (17 July 2003)

2.02

2.03

(1) USDA zones: 10B and 11A. Climate group: sub-tropical.
(2) Distributional range:
Native: Southern America: Colombia; Guyana; Trinidad and Tobago [Trinidad]; Venezuela
(3)found in wet to swampy areas of forests, growing along streams, or open swampy areas;The humidity should be high [genus information]

(1) Horticopia Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.
(2) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35204 (17 July 2003) (3)http://facultystaff.vwc.edu/~presslar/greenhouse/spathiphyllum/genus_spath.htm

2.04

(1) Origin: Philippines. Climate group: Sub-tropical.
(2) Distributional range:
Native:
Southern America: Colombia; Guyana; Trinidad and Tobago [Trinidad]; Venezuela

(1) Horticopia Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.
(2) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35204 (17 July 2003)

2.05

(1) Japan, (2) Australia, (3) Malaysia, (4) Europe

(1) Takeuchi, J.; Horie, H.; Hirano, T. (1995) Gray mold of some garden plants in Tokyo is caused by Botrytis cinerea Persoon. Proceedings of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, 1995, No.42, pp.105-107, 1 ref.
(2) Lewis, J. A.; Moore, C. J.; Fletcher, M. T.; Drew, R. A.; Kitching, W. (1988) Volatile compounds from the flowers of Spathiphyllum cannaefolium. Phytochemistry, 1988, Vol.27, No.9, pp.2755-2757, 10 ref.
(3) Chuah, C. H.; Ooi, L. E.; Yong, H. S.; Goh, S. H. (1996) New male fruitfly attractants from spadix of Spathiphyllum cannaefolium (Araceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1996, Vol.24, No.3, pp.189-193, 3 ref.
(4) Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, ed. 14. (Zander ed14)

3.01

No evidence of naturalization

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

Horticopia Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

(1)Listed as toxic to animals but no evidence that it has been eaten naturally. (2)Toxic to turtles [esoteric]

(1)http://www.sniksnak.com/plants.html (2)http://www.samenkiste.de/dtl/dtl_e_0128.htm

4.06

(1) 'The two most common pathogens affecting Spathiphyllum production are Cylindrocladium spathiphylli and Phytophthora parasitica; however, there are four additional pathogens which are encountered to a lesser extent, but under appropriate conditions can also cause extensive damage. These four additional pathogens are as follows: Myrothecium roridum; Rhizoctonia spp.; Sclerotium rolfsii; and Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae.' - No evidence that these pathogens are recognized pests.
(2) [Cylindrocladium spathiphylli cause root rot in banana but also infects Heliconia and Portulacaeae Ludwigia implying broad host range; not much information here] (3)aroid thrips (Psydrothrips luteolus) [attacks most Araceae]

(2) Declerck, S.; Risede, J. M.; Rufyikiri, G.; Delvaux, B. (2002) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on severity of root rot of bananas caused by Cylindrocladium spathiphylli . Plant Pathology, 2002, Vol.51, No.1, pp.109-115, 42 ref.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not- an evergreen herbaceous species.

Horticopia Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

4.09

Grows in shade.

Horticopia Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

4.1

Soil type: Loam. Soil pH: Acid.

Horticopia Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

Horticopia Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial

Horticopia Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database.

5.02

Araceae

5.03

Araceae

5.04

no evidence

6.01

Hermaphrodite flowers.

Canadian Journal of Botany. 1986. 64(7): 1397 - 1401

6.02

'Plant generally do not bloom before reaching a full 15 cm pot size which may require 6 to 12 months when starting with small seedlings or tissue culture explants.'

Canadian Journal of Botany. 1986. 64(7): 1397 - 1401

6.03

No evidence [artificial hybrids]

6.04

No evidence

6.05

p. 11 "The two aroid genera with bee pollination and starchless pollen (Anthurium and Spathiphyllum) were pollinated by male euglossine bees, which collect scent instead of pollen."

http://www.thebeeworks.com/downloads/eer1186.pdf

6.06

"Plants are easily propagated by divisions done in late winter or spring."
[but no natural fragmentation ]

http://facultystaff.vwc.edu/~presslar/greenhouse/spathiphyllum/genus_spath.htm

6.07

'Plant generally do not bloom before reaching a full 15 cm pot size which may require 6 to 12 months when starting with small seedlings or tissue culture explants.'

Canadian Journal of Botany. 1986. 64(7): 1397 - 1401

7.01

No evidence that the species has propagules with any means of attachment.

7.02

ornamental plant

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Fruit appears to be fused berry type

http://facultystaff.vwc.edu/~presslar/greenhouse/spathiphyllum/cannaefolium.htm

7.05

no evidence [but they grow along streams and swampy areas, so it is possible]

7.06

Fruit appears to be fused berry type, white [no evidence of attraction to birds]

http://facultystaff.vwc.edu/~presslar/greenhouse/spathiphyllum/cannaefolium.htm

7.07

No means of attachement

7.08

no evidence

8.01

pistil 3-locular with 1-7 ovules per locule [unlikely]

http://facultystaff.vwc.edu/~presslar/greenhouse/spathiphyllum/genus_spath.htm

8.02

Don’t know about seed longevity

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Don’t know.

8.05

Don’t know