Serianthes kanehirae Fosberg. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - Ukall (Micronesia). Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

o

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence (1)The only other species of Serianthes native to Micronesia, S. kanehirae Fosb., is widespread and locally common in Palau and Yap

(1)Cole, T. G., Falanruw, M. C., MacLean, C. D., Whitesell, C. D. & Ambacher, A. H. (1987). Vegetation survey of the Republic of Palau. U.S. For. Serv., Resour. Bull., PSW-22, 1-13.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Reconnaissance surveys over larger areas are needed to better understand the distribution and abundance of less common plant species in Palau. One of the largest endemic trees in Palau is Serianthes kanehirae Fosb.var. kanehirae which grows on volcanic and limestone islands.

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

2.02

(1)The only other species of Serianthes native to Micronesia, S. kanehirae Fosb., is widespread and locally common in Palau and Yap

(1)Cole, T. G., Falanruw, M. C., MacLean, C. D., Whitesell, C. D. & Ambacher, A. H. (1987). Vegetation survey of the Republic of Palau. U.S. For. Serv., Resour. Bull., PSW-22, 1-13.

2.03

(1)The only other species of Serianthes native to Micronesia, S. kanehirae Fosb., is widespread and locally common in Palau and Yap [limited geographical distribution to low tropical islands] (2)The Carolines are in the humid equatorial region, where the climate is very warm and wet year-round (between 3000 and 5000 mm mean annual rainfall). (3)One collection (Robinson 4052) was reported from 200 m altitude in a ravine, whilst S. hooglandii and S. kanehirae are also known from up to 100(-200) m altitude and usually from inland localities.

(1)Cole, T. G., Falanruw, M. C., MacLean, C. D., Whitesell, C. D. & Ambacher, A. H. (1987). Vegetation survey of the Republic of Palau. U.S. For. Serv., Resour. Bull., PSW-22, 1-13. (2)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York. (3)Kanis, A. 1979. The Malesian Species of Serianthes Bentham (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). Brunonia 2: 289-320.

2.04

(1)The only other species of Serianthes native to Micronesia, S. kanehirae Fosb., is widespread and locally common in Palau and Yap

(1)Cole, T. G., Falanruw, M. C., MacLean, C. D., Whitesell, C. D. & Ambacher, A. H. (1987). Vegetation survey of the Republic of Palau. U.S. For. Serv., Resour. Bull., PSW-22, 1-13.

2.05

(1)No evidence

(1)Allen, O.N. and E. Kullmann Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin.

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 07 Jan 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 07 Jan 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 07 Jan 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 07 Jan 2009]

3.05

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 07 Jan 2009]

4.01

(1)Trees, small to large, rarely shrubs, unarmed

(1)Allen, O.N. and E. Kullmann Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin.

4.02

(1)No evidence in genus

(1)Allen, O.N. and E. Kullmann Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin.

4.03

(1)No evidence in genus

(1)Allen, O.N. and E. Kullmann Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin.

4.04

(1)Deer consume the seedlings of S. nelsonii (Lucas & Synge, 1978). It is likely that feral pigs and domestic cattle also feed on the young shoots of the species or may destroy them through rooting or trampling. Deer are probably the major cause of seedling mortality on Rota because of their much greater numbers, but on Guam seedling losses may be equally attributable to feral pigs. The only data on this problem exist for Guam, where seedlings were removed by animals under both of the trees remaining in 1991 [related species palatable to browsing animals, so S. kanehirae, which evolved in a similar island environment free of mammalian herbivores, is also assumed to be palatable]

(1)Wiles, G.J., I. H. Schreiner, D. Nafus, L. K. Jurgensen and J. C. Manglona. 1996. The status, biology, and conservation of Serianthes nelsonii (Fabaceae), an endangered Micronesian tree. Biological Conservation 76(3): 229-239.

4.05

(1)No evidence in genus

(1)Allen, O.N. and E. Kullmann Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)No evidence in genus

(1)Allen, O.N. and E. Kullmann Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin.

4.08

(1)No evidence from native range.

(1)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York.

4.09

Unknown

4.10

Unknown

4.11

Tree

4.12

(1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [uncommon tree with no evidence of forming dense stands]

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Fabaceae

5.03

Fabaceae

5.04

Tree

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

6.02

(1)Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae is currently being propagated and used to landscape degraded areas in Melekeok.

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

6.03

Unknown of Serianthes species can hybridize, but no evidence from native range (1)The only other species of Serianthes native to Micronesia, S. kanehirae Fosb., is widespread and locally common in Palau and Yap

(1)Cole, T. G., Falanruw, M. C., MacLean, C. D., Whitesell, C. D. & Ambacher, A. H. (1987). Vegetation survey of the Republic of Palau. U.S. For. Serv., Resour. Bull., PSW-22, 1-13.

6.04

Probably yes, as related species is self-compatible (1)Lowered levels of cross-pollination and increased self-fertilization can reduce reproductive output through lessened seed production, embryo viability, and seedling vigor

(1)Wiles, G.J., I. H. Schreiner, D. Nafus, L. K. Jurgensen and J. C. Manglona. 1996. The status, biology, and conservation of Serianthes nelsonii (Fabaceae), an endangered Micronesian tree. Biological Conservation 76(3): 229-239.

6.05

(1)Reproductive failure due to eradication of vertebrate pollinators may occur in other plant species native to Guam. These include Calophyllum inophyllum, Lumnitzera littorea, Eleaocarpus joga, Guettarda speciosa, Intsia bijuga and Serianthes nelsonii; all are species which are thought to be pollinatedmainly by birds or bats (A. Brooke and H.S. Mortensen, unpublished data). [relates species pollinated by birds and bats] (2)Methods of pollination and seed dispersal are unreported for S. nelsonii. On Rota, Marianas fruit bats Pteropus mariannus Desmarest occasionally feed at the flowers of S. nelsonii (E. M. Taisacan, pers. comm.) and may assist in pollination. Seedlings found on Rota and Guam in recent years have all been located under the crowns of parent trees. This suggests that seed dispersal is poor under natural conditions or has been greatly reduced for undetermined reasons. The current distribution of-S. nelsonii on Rota, where trees are frequently found in groups or pairs, further indicates that vagility is poor and that most regeneration takes place near existing trees.

(1)Mortensen, H.S., Y. L. Dupont and J. M. Olesen. 2008. A snake in paradise: Disturbance of plant reproduction following extirpation of bird flower-visitors on Guam. Biological Conservation 141: 2146-2154. (2)Wiles, G.J., I. H. Schreiner, D. Nafus, L. K. Jurgensen and J. C. Manglona. 1996. The status, biology, and conservation of Serianthes nelsonii (Fabaceae), an endangered Micronesian tree. Biological Conservation 76(3): 229-239.

6.06

(1)No evidence in genus.

(1)Allen, O.N. and E. Kullmann Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin.

6.07

(1)One sapling was planted at the Belau National Museum Botanical Garden and flowered within 2 years.

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

7.01

(1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [large seed pods and seeds with no means of external attachment]

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

7.02

(1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [no evidence of widespread cultivation]

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

7.03

No evidence (1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [large seed pods and seeds]

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

7.04

(1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [large seed pods and seeds probably gravity dispersed]

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

7.05

(1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [unknown if large seed pods will float] (2)No particular means of dispersal has been established but, as the species is adapted to supralittoral habitats, its indehiscent pods probably permit effective short- to medium-range transport by sea currents (see also p. 292). The distribution pattern of this species appears to support this theory [related species S. dilmyi purportedly water dispersed]

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31. (2)Kanis, A. 1979. The Malesian Species of Serianthes Bentham (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). Brunonia 2: 289-320.

7.06

(1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [no evidence of adaptation for bird dispersal] (2)No evidence of bird dispersal in other species of genus

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31. (2)Kanis, A. 1979. The Malesian Species of Serianthes Bentham (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). Brunon

7.07

(1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [no evidence, and large seed pods and seeds with no means of external attachment]

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

7.08

(1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [unknown, but no evidence of consumption and passage by animals]

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

8.01

(1)Other variations in fruit morphology occur such as for the large uncommon endemic tree Serianthes kanehirae Fosb. var. kanehirae that has a woody fibrous pod that is 10-17 cm long with 2 to 7 small hard seeds. [unlikely that relatively large seed pods and seeds would be produced in such high densities]

(1)Kitalong, A. H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown [no information on control of species]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown