Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - Christmasbush. Synonym(s) - Cassia bicapsularis L..

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2 or 3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Status: Native, rather common. [Puerto Rico]...Distribution: In disturbed areas, usually on roadsides and in pastures, at lower elevations. Also on Culebra, Vieques, Anegada, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda; the Antilles, tropical continental America, and Bermuda. Has been introduced into the Old World tropics.

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

2.02

2.03

(1)zones 9-11 (2)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F)
USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F)
USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F)
USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F)
USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F)
USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)
USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)

(1)Llamas, K.A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants: A Guide to Identification and Cultivation. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1328/ [Accessed 19 Sep 2008]

2.04

(1)Status: Native, rather common. [Puerto Rico]...Distribution: In disturbed areas, usually on roadsides and in pastures, at lower elevations. Also on Culebra, Vieques, Anegada, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda; the Antilles, tropical continental America, and Bermuda. Has been introduced into the Old World tropics.

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

2.05

(1)An introduced weed found only on Santa Cruz [Galapagos] (2)Originally from South America and the West Indies. Cultivated as an ornamental plant but naturalized in many parts of south and central Africa. (3)S. bicapsularis listed as an Environmental Weeds of the Sutherland Shire [NSW Australia]

(1)McMullen, C.K. 1999. Flowering Plants of the Galapagos. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY. (2)Schmidt, E., M. Lotter, W. McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa. (3)Anonymous. 2000. Sutherland Shire Biodiversity Strategy. Environmental Science & Policy Unit Sutherland Shire Council. http://www.sutherland.nsw.gov.au/ssc/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentPersonal/
ROSEMARY+KEARNEY~SSC~BiodiversityStrategyMarch2000.pdf/$file/BiodiversityStrategyMarch2000.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep 2008]

3.01

(1)Originally from South America and the West Indies. Cultivated as an ornamental plant but naturalized in many parts of south and central Africa. (2)in lowland and medium-altitude secondary bushland and old cultivations, often used as a hedge-plant and naturalized [Sudan-Uganda]

(1)Schmidt, E., M. Lotter, W. McCleland and J. E. Burrows. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park: Names, Common Names, Literature. Jacana Media. Johannesburg, South Africa. (2)Friis, I. and K. Vollesen. 1998. Flora of the Sudan-Uganda Border Area East of the Nile: catalogue of vascular plants. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Denmark.

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/senna_bicapsularis/ [Accessed 24 Sep 2008]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/senna_bicapsularis/ [Accessed 24 Sep 2008]

3.04

(1)This shrub forms extensive and dense thickets and climbs over native vegetation, impeding growth and regeneration of native species. Extensive thickets affect wildlife by reducing habitats and restricting access to water. (2)S. bicapsularis listed as a "Cateogry 3 Plant" in South Africa Plant invaders of Category 3 These plants are undesirable because they have the proven potential of becoming invasive, but most of them are nevertheless popular ornamentals or shade trees that will take a long time to replace. A few of them were placed into this category instead of into category 1 because they do not cause problems in all situations. In terms of Regulation 15 of CARA, Category 3 plants will not be allowed to occur anywhere except in biological control reserves, unless they were already in existence when these regulations went into effect. The conditions on which these already existing plants may be retained are that they do not grow within 30 m from the 1:50 year flood line of watercourses or wetlands, that all reasonable steps are taken to keep the plant from spreading, and that the Executive Officer has the power to impose additional conditions or even prohibit the growing of Category 3 plants in any area where he has reason to believe that these plants will pose a threat to the agricultural resources. Propagative material of these plants, such as seeds or cuttings, may no longer be planted, propagated, imported, bought, sold or traded in any way. It will, however, be legal to trade in the wood of Category 3 plants, or in other products that do not have the potential to grow or multiply. The Executive Officer will have the power to grant exemption from some of the above requirements. (3)S. bicapsularis listed as an Environmental Weeds of the Sutherland Shire [NSW Australia]

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Cambridge, MA. (2)Legislation on weeds and invasive plants in South Africa. http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=1031 [Accessed 24 Sep 2008] (3)Anonymous. 2000. Sutherland Shire Biodiversity Strategy. Environmental Science & Policy Unit Sutherland Shire Council. http://www.sutherland.nsw.gov.au/ssc/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentPersonal/
ROSEMARY+KEARNEY~SSC~BiodiversityStrategyMarch2000.pdf/$file/BiodiversityStrategyMarch2000.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep 2008]

3.05

(1)Senna obtusifolia (sicklepod) is an invasive weed of northern Australia, where it significantly impacts agricultural productivity and alters natural ecosystem structure and function. Although currently restricted to northern regions, the potential for S. obtusifolia to spread south is not known. Using the eco-climatic model CLIMEX, this study simulated the potential geographic distribution of S. obtusifolia in Australia under two scenarios. Model parameters for both scenarios were derived from the distribution of S. obtusifolia throughout North and Central America. The first scenario used these base model parameters to predict the distribution of S. obtusifolia in Australia, whilst the second model predicted the distribution of a cold susceptible S. obtusifolia ecotype that is reported to occur in the USA. Both models predicted the potential for an extensive S. obtusifolia distribution, with the first model indicating suitable climatic conditions occurring predominantly in coastal regions from the Northern Territory, to far north Queensland and into northern Victoria. The cold susceptible ecotype displayed a comparatively reduced distribution in the southern parts of Australia, where inappropriate temperatures, a lack of thermal accumulation and cold stress restrict the invasion south to the coastal regions of central New South Wales. The extent of the predicted distribution of both ecotypes of S. obtusifolia reinforces the need for strategic management at a national scale.

(1)Dunlop, E.A., J.C. Wilson and A.P. Mackey. 2006. The potential geographic distribution of the invasive weed Senna obtusifolia in Australia. Weed research 46(5): 404-413.

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

4.04

Probably not unpalatable if edible to humans and cattle will presumably consume it despite its purgative effects [See 4.05] (1)Food: The leaves are gathered, wilted and cooked as a vegetable. Can be served alone or mixed with other leaves, beans or peas. The leaves are eaten as a substitute when more preferred vegetables are not available. They are eaten with a staple food. Seeds are roasted, pounded and used as a substitute for coffee.

(1)Ruffo, C.K., A. Birnie and B. Tengnäs. 2002. Edible Wild Plants of Tanzania. TECHNICAL HANDBOOK No. 27. Regional Land Management Unit. Nairobi, Kenya.

4.05

Apparently toxic, but may still be palatable (1)PT: Leaves. TOX: Cattle. Exerts a purgative action [translated from Spanish]

(1)Reyes, S.A. and J.S. F. Gudino. 1999. Registro de plantas toxicas para ganado en el estado de Veracruz, Mexico. Veterinaria Mexico 30(1): 79-94.

4.06

(1)Pests or diseases: None major

(1)http://floridagardener.com/pom/cassiabicapsularis.htm [Accessed 26 Sep 2008]

4.07

Possibly (1)ALLERGENIC COMPONENTS: Leaves (and other parts?)
ALLERGENIC PRINCIPLES: Anthraquinone
ALLERGENIC PROPERTIES:
COMMENTS: A purgative, toxic if ingested in large quantities. The nectar is thought to be toxic to bees.

(1)http://www.allergenica.com/Details.asp?PLANTID=863 [Accessed 24 Sep 2008]

4.08

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Cambridge, MA.

4.09

(1)Full to part sun (2)Sun Exposure: Full Sun

(1)Llamas, K.A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants: A Guide to Identification and Cultivation. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1328/ [Accessed 19 Sep 2008]

4.10

(1)Average, well-drained soil (2)Soil pH requirements: 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)

(1)Llamas, K.A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants: A Guide to Identification and Cultivation. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1328/ [Accessed 19 Sep 2008]

4.11

Although climbing, answer is Yes to Question 4.12. (1)This shrub forms extensive and dense thickets and climbs over native vegetation, impeding growth and regeneration of native species. Extensive thickets affect wildlife by reducing habitats and restricting access to water.

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Cambridge, MA.

4.12

(1)This shrub forms extensive and dense thickets and climbs over native vegetation, impeding growth and regeneration of native species. Extensive thickets affect wildlife by reducing habitats and restricting access to water.

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Cambridge, MA.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Fabaceae

5.03

(1)A spreading, scrambling or climbing shrub or small tree [Fabaceae]

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Cambridge, MA.

5.04

(1)A spreading, scrambling or climbing shrub or small tree.

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Cambridge, MA.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Bullock, S.H. 1985. Breeding Systems in the Flora of a Tropical Deciduous Forest in Mexico. Biotropica 17(4): 287-301.

6.02

(1)Seeds numerous, 4-6 mm long, ellipsoid, brown, shiny

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

6.03

Unknown [hybridization possible within genus] (1)Senna singueana (Del.)Lock...May hybridize with Cassia petersiana (q.v.) Brenan, FTEA, ref.106.

(1)http://ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/687.shtml [Accessed 26 Sep 2008]

6.04

(1)Self-incompatibility (SI) has been reported in various Caesalpinioideae, e.g. Bauhinia ungulata L. by BAWA • WEBB (1984), Caesalpinia eriostachys (BAWA 1974, BAWA 8~; WEBB 1984, BULLOCK, 1985), C. coriaria, C. sclerocarpa STAYDLEY (BULLOCK 1985) and Senna bicapsularis (L.) RoxB. (BAWA 8Z BUCKLEY 1989) (2)S. bicapsularis listed as a monostylous hermaphrodite in Appendix I

(1)Lewis, G.M. and Gibbs, P. 1999. Reproductive biology of Caesalpinia calycina and C. pluviosa (Leguminosae) of the caatinga of north-eastern Brazil. Plant Systematics and Evolution 217: 43-53. (2)Bullock, S.H. 1985. Breeding Systems in the Flora of a Tropical Deciduous Forest in Mexico. Biotropica 17(4): 287-301.

6.05

(1)Visited by stingless bees and carpenter bees...Visited by Tetragonisca angustula [bee species] (2)ABSTRACT. The activity of flower visiting by two species of Bombus, B. atratus and B. morio was studied in an urban area in São Paulo city, Brazil, during two consecutive years. During this period the bees were observed and collected on 41 plant species belonging to 19 families. The plant families most frequently visited were Verbenaceae, represented by Duranta repens, Asteraceae and Leguminosae. On six of the 41 plant species both species of Bombus were scored. Twenty-four species of plants were visited by B. morio and only 10 species of plants by B. atratus. The results indicate that the two Bombus species visit 22% species of all observed plants (n=190) of the campus gardens. They were seen in flowers all year round but more frequently in January, February and March. Our results were compared with those from other studies, conducted in Brazil, on flower visiting by bumblebees...Table I. Plants visited by Bombus atratus (#), B. morio (*) and species unidentified (o) on the campus of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. [translated from Portuguese. S. bicapsularis visited by B. morio] (3)The flowers are also very attractive to bees and butterflies

(1)http://www.apacame.org.br/mensagemdoce/80/meliponicultura.htm [Accessed 24 Sep 2008] (2)Cortopassi-Laurino, M., F. R.N. Knoll and V. L. Imperatriz-Fonseca. 2003. Nicho trófico e abundância de Bombus morio e Bombus atratus em diferentes biomas brasileiros. Pp 285-295 In G. A. R. Melo & I. Alves-dos-Santos (eds.). Apoidea Neotropica: Homenagem aos 90 Anos de Jesus Santiago Moure. Editora UNESC, Criciúma, (3)http://floridagardener.com/pom/cassiabicapsularis.htm [Accessed 24 Sep 2008]

6.06

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Cambridge, MA.

6.07

(1)Rate of Growth: Fast (2)With its quick growth rate and the ability to germinate easily Cassia can reduce the soil’s water and nutrients from the surrounding native plants.

(1)http://floridagardener.com/pom/cassiabicapsularis.htm [Accessed 26 Sep 2008] (2)Weed Facts. June 2003. Senna bicapsularis. http://www.sutherland.nsw.gov.au/ssc/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentPersonal/WeedFact_Cassia_FINAL.pdf/$file/WeedFact_Cassia_FINAL.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep 2008]

7.01

(1)No means of external attachment

(1)Anonymous. 1951. Flora of Panama. Part V. Fascicle III. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 38(1): 1-94.

7.02

(1)Grown as hedge plant, ornamental and as medicinal plant (leaves).

(1)Hanelt, P., R. Büttner, R. Mansfeld and R. Kilian. 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany.

7.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Cambridge, MA.

7.04

Reference 1 states species is wind-dispersed, but description in reference 2 does not indicated any mechanism for wind-dispersal (1)Dispersal syndrome: anemochorous [wind] (2)Fruit an oblong, cylindrical legume, 8-19 × 1-2 cm, septate, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, 4-6 mm long, ellipsoid, brown, shiny.

(1)Barbosa, K.C. and M. A. Pizo. 2006. Seed Rain and Seed Limitation in a Planted Gallery Forest in Brazil. Wiley InterScience Logo Restoration Ecology 14(4): 504-515. (2)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

7.05

Seed pods may float (1)Habitat: In bushveld and along watercourses and roadsides.

(1)http://www.sabonet.org.za/downloads/35_swaziland_tree_atlas/e.swazi.faba-moraceae.pdf [Accessed 26 Sep 2008]

7.06

Not-fleshy-fruited

7.07

No means of external attachment (1)Fruit an oblong, cylindrical legume, 8-19 × 1-2 cm, septate, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, 4-6 mm long, ellipsoid, brown, shiny.

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

7.08

If consumed by cattle, would probably survive passage through gut, but no information found.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

(1)Abstract The germination requirements of five Senna species: S. bicapsularis, S. didymobotrya, S. multiglandulosa, S. occidentalis and S. septemtrionalis have been investigated. Seeds possess dormancy which is caused by their hard seed coats hampering maximum, uniform and rapid germination. To overcome this dormancy, seeds of the five species were pre-treated with (a) mechanical scarification, (b) concentrated sulphuric acid for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes and (c) boiling water for 15, 30, 45 and 60 seconds. To determine the effects of temperature on the germination of seeds, pre-treated seeds from each species were incubated at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Germination was also tested in the dark. Both acid treatment and mechanical scarification resulted in fast and uniform germination. The highest germination (95–100%) for all species was obtained from seeds treated with sulphuric acid for 60 minutes. Mechanical scarification resulted in 100% germination in all the species except S. septemtrionalis (59%). Boiling water improved germination significantly in S. didymobotrya (98%), S. occidentalis (82%) and S. septemtrionalis (97%), but had very little effect on S. multiglandulosa and reduced germination in S. bicapsularis. Senna seeds germinated over a wide range of temperatures with the optimum temperatures for germination falling around 20–25°C. Germination was either completely inhibited or very low at 10°C. Seeds of all species germinated both in light and dark conditions. (2)Is found everywhere in the Illawarra even in home gardens: It proliferates wildly seed, especially if unattended in bushland: Seeds have a very longterm viability.

(1)Teketay. D. 1996. The effect of different pre-sowing seed treatments, temperature and light on the germination of five Senna species from Ethiopia. New Forests 11(2): 155-171. (2)Anonymous. 2007. WEEDS TO WHACK!!!!. Tullimbah Landcare Inc NEWSLETTER. Edition No.2. http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/content/NEWSLETTER_2_Tullimbah_Landcare_Inc.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep 2008]

8.03

(1)If there are young Cassia seedlings it is best to remove the whole plant by hand. If the plant is larger and more difficult to remove then it is easier to poison the plant with a herbicide using the Cut and Paint or Scrape and Paint procedures. Wait for plant to defoliate and remove above ground parts. (2)Christmas senna can be controlled by foliar or basal bark herbicide application. The following foliar applications on a spray-to-wet basis have been found effective: 1.0% Roundup Pro, 0.5% Garlon 3A + 0.375% Induce, 0.50 oz/gal Escort + 0.375% Induce, 3.13% Brush-B-Gon. Basal bark application of 10% Garlon 4 in oil is used by the Southwest Florida Water Management District (Mack Sweat, 2003 personal communication). [For control of Senna pendula, but should also apply to S. bicapsularis]

(1)Weed Facts. June 2003. Senna bicapsularis. http://www.sutherland.nsw.gov.au/ssc/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentPersonal/WeedFact_Cassia_FINAL.pdf/$file/WeedFact_Cassia_FINAL.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep 2008] (2)Langeland, K. 2003. Merry Christmas Senna. Wildland Weeds 7(1): 11-12.

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown