Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Senecio cineraria


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 2 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Senecio cineraria DC. (dusty miller, silver ragwort) synonym: Cineraria maritima

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

There are many named cultivars, including several that are dwarfed, getting no more than a foot across, and some with leaves that are so deeply incised as to be lacy.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sene_cin.cfm

1.02

(1)cultivated & naturalized elsewhere in Europe (2)Range: S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?33655 (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Senecio+cineraria

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Origin: Mediterranean area (2)Senecio cineraria is native to the western and central Mediterranean region where it grows in arid, scrublike habitats. It prefers summers that are warm and dry and winters that are cool (not cold) and wet. (3)Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE Western Asia: Turkey [w.] EUROPE Southeastern Europe: Greece; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Yugoslavia Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Corsica]; Spain

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Asteraceae/Senecio_cineraria.html (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sene_cin.cfm (3)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?33655

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA: 8-10 (2)USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2° C (10° F), USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4° C (15° F), USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6° C (20° F), USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8° C (25° F), USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F), USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F) (3)Habitat: Maritime cliffs in S.W. England, mainly on limestone; The plant can tolerate maritime exposure.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Asteraceae/Senecio_cineraria.html (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/247/ (3)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Senecio+cineraria

2.04

(1)Origin: Mediterranean area (2)Senecio cineraria is native to the western and central Mediterranean region where it grows in arid, scrublike habitats. It prefers summers that are warm and dry and winters that are cool (not cold) and wet. (3)Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE Western Asia: Turkey [w.] EUROPE Southeastern Europe: Greece; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Yugoslavia Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Corsica]; Spain

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Asteraceae/Senecio_cineraria.html (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sene_cin.cfm (3)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?33655

2.05

Senecio cineraria is usually grown as a winter annual in subtropical climates like Florida and the Gulf Coast. It can take the heat, but not the frequent summer rain. In Mediterranean climates that don't get so much summertime rain, like California, it is grown as a perennial shrub.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sene_cin.cfm

3.01

(1)cultivated & naturalized elsewhere in Europe (2)Range: S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?33655 (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Senecio+cineraria

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

Invasive potential: not known to be invasive

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:mNEzLps-GZcJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/SENCINA.PDF+Senecio+cineraria&hl=en

3.05

(1) S. vulgaris, (2) S. squalidus, (3) S. brasiliensis

(1) Suzuki, M. (2003) Dormancy and germination characteristics of buried main upland weeds in Akita Prefecture. Journal of Weed Science and Technology, 2003, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 130-139, 23 ref.
(2) Brennan, A. C. Harris, S. A. Tabah, D. A. Hiscock, S. J. (2002) The population genetics of sporophytic self-incompatibility in Senecio squalidus L. (Asteraceae) I: S allele diversity in a natural population. Heredity, 2002, Vol. 89, No. 6, pp. 430-438, 35 ref.
(3) Oliveira, É. D. M. de Pasini, A. Fonseca, I. C. B. (2003) Association of the soil bug Atarsocoris sp. (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) with the weed Senecio brasiliensis Less. Neotropical Entomology, 2003, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 155-157, 13 ref.

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Dusty Miller is Deer Resistant

http://www.gardenguides.com/flowers/annuals/dustymiller.htm

4.05

The plant contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which are highly toxic to the liver, so the plant should not be used internally

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Senecio+cineraria

4.06

The following fungi were listed to be associated with S. cineraria. Alternaria cinerariae [generalist], Erysiphe cichoracearum [generalist], Puccinia hieracii [a biological control agent against weed, not considered a pest], Sphaerotheca fuliginea [generalist], Verticillium dahliae [generalist]

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

Schwartz et al. (1957) noted that Cineraria maritima "has an ash white fuzzy coating which can cause pruritus".[rare]

http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/index.html

4.08

low fire danger

www.glenforrestfirebrigade.org/files/garden.doc

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Full sun (2)Light requirement: plant grows in part shade/part sun (3)It cannot grow in the shade.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Asteraceae/Senecio_cineraria.html (2)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:mNEzLps-GZcJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/SENCINA.PDF+Senecio+cineraria&hl=en (3)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Senecio+cineraria

4.1

(1)This dusty miller does best in well drained, even sandy soils with regular watering. (2)Soil pH requirements: 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic), 6.1 to 6.5, mildly acidic), 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) (3)Soil tolerances: clay; sand; acidic; loam

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sene_cin.cfm (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/247/ (3)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:mNEzLps-GZcJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/SENCINA.PDF+Senecio+cineraria&hl=en

4.11

No evidence

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Asteraceae

5.02

Asteraceae

5.03

Asteraceae

5.04

Senecio cineraria is a mound forming subshrub that is grown as an annual in cool areas and in areas that experience wet summers.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sene_cin.cfm

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1)Propagation: Seeds, cuttings (2)Propagation is by seed (3)Propagation: Dusty miller is propagated by seed or cuttings. The seeds germinate in 10 to 15 days at 75 degrees. Do not cover the seed.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Asteraceae/Senecio_cineraria.html (2)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:mNEzLps-GZcJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/SENCINA.PDF+Senecio+cineraria&hl=en (3)http://www.msue.msu.edu/imp/modzz/00001356.html

6.03

Senecio cineraria 'Silver Dust' Origin: Hybrid [no evidence of natural hybridization]

http://www.denverplants.com/annual/html/senec_sid.htm

6.04

No evidence

6.05

Typical Asteraceae - insect-pollination including bees)

http://plantsdatabase.com/showimage/20780/

6.06

(1)Propagation: Seeds, cuttings (2)Propagation is by seed

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Asteraceae/Senecio_cineraria.html (2)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:mNEzLps-GZcJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/SENCINA.PDF+Senecio+cineraria&hl=en

6.07

(1)If it does survive into its second summer, Senecio cineraria produces mustard yellow flower heads about 1 in (2.5 cm) across in loose, terminal, flat topped clusters (corymbs, actually), about 4 in (10.2 cm) across. The flowers are the best way to distinguish Senecio cineraria from all the other dusty millers, but unfortunately, most gardeners never see the flowers. (2)This southern European native can be grown as a perennial in Zones 9-10, and as an annual in Zones 3-8. Type: annual (or biennial)
(3) "This southern European native can be grown as a perennial in Zones 9-10, and as an annual in Zones 3-8. Height is between 8 and 15 inches as annuals, but in Zones 9-10 some varieties grow 2 to 2 1/2 feet tall, spreading the blunt-tipped lobes of their 6- to 8-inch leaves equally wide and sending up 2 1/2- to 3-inch flat-topped clusters of tiny yellow flowers the second year." (4)The recommended times to sow are as follows: July and August for January flowering in 13- to 15-cm (5- to 6-inch) pots [indic

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sene_cin.cfm (2)http://www.gardenguides.com/flowers/annuals/dustymiller.htm

(3) http://www.gardenguides.com/flowers/annuals/dustymiller.htm

7.01

No evidence that the seeds have any means of attachment.

7.02

Senecio cineraria is excellent for edging borders and beds. Its silvery-gray foliage provides a perfect contrast for brightly colored annuals. It is often used in containers and window boxes. Gardeners everywhere have created their own original designs with Dusty Miller and their favorite annual flowers.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sene_cin.cfm

7.03

No evidence

7.04

Genus characteristics - cylindrical achenes, seeds with numerous pappus.

7.05

Genus characteristics - cylindrical achenes, seeds with numerous pappus.

7.06

Genus characteristics - cylindrical achenes, seeds with numerous pappus.

7.07

Genus characteristics - cylindrical achenes, seeds with numerous pappus.

7.08

Genus characteristics - cylindrical achenes, seeds with numerous pappus.

8.01

roughly 1-2 dozen flower heads countaining 1-2 dozen achenes [based on photos]

http://www.xtec.es/col-anunciata-cerdanyola/plantes/flor%20senecio%20cineraria01.jpg

8.02

(1)Senecio cineraria , silver ragwort , S. acanthifolius, Cineraria maritima,Type= an , , sow in light @ 65 to 75ºF , 10-21d (2)No change in total germination, T50, or germination span resulted when moisture content of primed seeds was lowered to 7.8% or when seeds were held at -80 deg for 7 days. Primed seed performance was unchanged after storage at 5deg and 52% RH for 16 weeks.

(1)http://tomclothier.hort.net/page07.html (2)Carpenter, W. J. 1990. Priming dusty miller seeds: role of aeration, temperature, and relative humidity.HortScience, , Vol.25, 299-302.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Hedge -- Plants quickly become straggly if unpruned

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Senecio+cineraria

8.05

Dusty miller (Senecio cineraria) is a relative of tansy ragwort and it's sometimes chomped by the cinnabar moth

http://gardening.wsu.edu/column/08-13-00.htm


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