Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Schizostachyum brachycladum


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz ; Family - Poaceae; Common Name(s) - sacred Bali bamboo, giant golden bamboo; Synonym(s) - Melocanna zollingeri var. brachyclada Kurz ex Munro.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y= 1, n=-1

 

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

     

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

>1

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Supporting data:

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence that cultivation has resulted in less weedy characteristics. (1)Although S. brachycladum is commonly cultivated in South-East Asia, very little has been reported on its cultivation.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)DISTRIBUTION Asia-tropical: Indo-China and Malesia. (2)Very tropical - will not survive temperatures below freezing.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. 2006 onwards. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb 2008] (2)http://www.tropicalbamboo.com/bamboo_shopping.asp?bid=119&bamboo=Schizostachyum%20brachycladum%20Green [Accessed 25 Feb 2008]

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F) (2)Very tropical - will not survive temperatures below freezing.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/136258/ [Accessed 25 Feb 2008] (2)http://www.tropicalbamboo.com/bamboo_shopping.asp?bid=119&bamboo=Schizostachyum%20brachycladum%20Green [Accessed 25 Feb 2008]

2.04

(1)DISTRIBUTION Asia-tropical: Indo-China and Malesia. (2)Very tropical - will not survive temperatures below freezing.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. 2006 onwards. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb 2008] (2)http://www.tropicalbamboo.com/bamboo_shopping.asp?bid=119&bamboo=Schizostachyum%20brachycladum%20Green [Accessed 25 Feb 2008]

2.05

(1)List of countries: Asia; Brunei Darussalam planted; [Indonesia] Java planted; Kalimantan natural and planted; Moluccas planted; Nusa Tenggara planted; Papua Barat natural and planted; Sulawesi planted; Sumatra planted; [Malaysia] Peninsular Malaysia planted; Sabah natural and planted; Sarawak planted; Philippines planted; Singapore planted; Thailand planted.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

Insufficient evidence for naturalization. (1)Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz, Buluh lemang (Indonesian), Buluh tolang (North Sumatra), Buluh sero (Moluccas). Widespread in South-East Asia. Occurs in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Bali and Luzon as cultivated and naturalized.

(1)http://www.inbar.int/documents/country%20report/INDONESIA.htm [Accessed 26 Feb 2008]

3.02

(1)No records in Global Compendium of Weeds

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/ [Accessed 26 Feb 2008]

3.03

(1)No records in Global Compendium of Weeds

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/ [Accessed 26 Feb 2008]

3.04

(1)No records in Global Compendium of Weeds

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/ [Accessed 26 Feb 2008]

3.05

No evidence of impacts. (1)Schizostachyum glaucifolium listed as environmental weed, but no mention of impacts

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/schizostachyum_glaucifolium/ [Accessed 26 Feb 2008]

4.01

(1)Not in description

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. 2006 onwards. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb 2008]

4.02

Unknown

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Unlikely, as shoots of species are listed among edible taxa. (1)Bambusa blumeana, B. polymorpha, Dendrocalamus asper, D. latiflorus Gigantochloa asper, G . levis, Melocanna baccifera, Phyllostachys edulis, S. brachycladum, Thyrsostachys siamensis. (2)Old-growth and secondary forest are the source of relatively few edible plant resources, their main importance being as a source of hunted meat. However, certain plant resources predominate here, such as bamboo shoots. Bamboos (Gigantochloa levis, Bambusa vulgaris and Schizostachyum brachycladum) send up new shoots only a few months each year, between June and August, so there is a glut of this vegetable at this time. During the fourth dietary survey conducted in Long Pasia, bamboo shoots were in season, and consequently, secondary forest is the source of many more kikid during this time.

(1)http://www.inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_Working_Paper_No10.htm [Accessed 26 Feb 2008] (2)Hoare, Alison. 2003 Food resources and changing patterns of resource use among the the Lundayeh of the Ulu Padas, Sabah The Free Library (January, 1), http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Food resources and changing patterns of resource use among the the...-a0131041272 (accessed February 27 2008)

4.05

Unlikely, as shoots of species are listed among edible taxa. (1)Bambusa blumeana, B. polymorpha, Dendrocalamus asper, D. latiflorus Gigantochloa asper, G . levis, Melocanna baccifera, Phyllostachys edulis, S. brachycladum, Thyrsostachys siamensis.

(1)http://www.inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_Working_Paper_No10.htm [Accessed 26 Feb 2008]

4.06

Unknown

4.07

Popular ornamental with edible shoots. (1)Bambusa blumeana, B. polymorpha, Dendrocalamus asper, D. latiflorus Gigantochloa asper, G . levis, Melocanna baccifera, Phyllostachys edulis, S. brachycladum, Thyrsostachys siamensis. (2)Old-growth and secondary forest are the source of relatively few edible plant resources, their main importance being as a source of hunted meat. However, certain plant resources predominate here, such as bamboo shoots. Bamboos (Gigantochloa levis, Bambusa vulgaris and Schizostachyum brachycladum) send up new shoots only a few months each year, between June and August, so there is a glut of this vegetable at this time. During the fourth dietary survey conducted in Long Pasia, bamboo shoots were in season, and consequently, secondary forest is the source of many more kikid during this time.

(1)http://www.inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_Working_Paper_No10.htm [Accessed 26 Feb 2008] (2)Hoare, Alison. 2003 Food resources and changing patterns of resource use among the the Lundayeh of the Ulu Padas, Sabah The Free Library (January, 1), http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Food resources and changing patterns of resource use among the the...-a0131041272 (accessed February 27 2008)

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Full Sun to Partial Shade (2)Full Sun

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/136258/ [Accessed 25 Feb 2008] (2)http://www.bambooweb.info/ShowPictures2.php?BooID=411&Desc=&Loc=&Match=AND&Cat=*&s=0 [Accessed 27 Feb 2008]

4.10

(1)Soil Range: Sandy Loam to Clay Loam

(1)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_26aa.html [Accessed 25 Feb 2008]

4.11

A clumping bamboo

4.12

Localized clumps only. (1)I'm a Clumper! I am considered a non-invasive clumping bamboo (sympodial or pachymorph). While some of my family will get quite tall and have immense culms, we are genetically capable of expanding only a few inches each year. We form discrete clumps and do not go running onto the neighbor's yard. Our root clumps slowly enlarge as new culms emerge every year, and may require anywhere from 2-10 feet or more of space in order to reach our mature height, depending on species. For this reason, we are considered non-invasive, and do not need to be contained.

(1)http://bamboohaiku.com/s_brachycladum.htm [Accessed 27 Feb 2008]

5.01

Terrestrial grass

5.02

Poaceae

5.03

Poaceae

5.04

Answer "No" for annual taxa AND those with rhizomes/stolons (1)HABIT Perennial; caespitose. Rhizomes short; pachymorph.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. 2006 onwards. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 25 Feb 2008]

6.01

This species flowers regularly, compared to other bamboos. (1)attempts should also be made to establish seed stands of bamboo in each of the countries, especially in the Malayan Peninsular zones as some bamboo species (e.g. Schizostachyum brachycladum) of this zone flower frequently. Variation in flowering (sporadic, irregular, gregarious) in the clumps are reported to be the expression of different pedigree and might have evolved naturally. Exploration, collection and centralization of such flowering genotypes of a species will possibly develop a source of frequent or regular seed production.

(1)http://www.inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_Working_Paper_No10.htm [Accessed 26 Feb 2008]

6.02

Several mentions of flowering, but VIABLE seed production may be infrequent or rare. (1)attempts should also be made to establish seed stands of bamboo in each of the countries, especially in the Malayan Peninsular zones as some bamboo species (e.g. Schizostachyum brachycladum) of this zone flower frequently. Variation in flowering (sporadic, irregular, gregarious) in the clumps are reported to be the expression of different pedigree and might have evolved naturally. Exploration, collection and centralization of such flowering genotypes of a species will possibly develop a source of frequent or regular seed production. (2)Continuous flowering in a mature clump of Schizostachyum brachycladum is maintained by culms of different ages, the oldest having the main branches flowering and then drying up at their tips, and succeeded by a few generations of side-branches that each repeat the leafing-flowering-rebranching sequence. (3)The flowering behavior of Indonesians bamboo is very unique, i.e. not all species can produce flowers and or when species are in flower in west Indonesia, they are not in flower in east Indonesia or vice versa. Based on experience in the field, only some species of bamboo produce flowers continuously such as Schizostachyum brachycladum, S. latifolium, Bambusa atra. Most of the Indonesian species rarely flower, for eg., Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, Gigan tochloa pseudoarundinacea, and even after flowering they do not produce seeds, except some species such as Nastus elegantissimus, Schizostachyum caudatum, S. gracile, Gigan tohloa apus, which produce seeds continuously. (4)Continuous Flowering In general, bamboos die after flowering. However, it was observed that Schizostachyum brachycladum continuously flowered. In addition to vegetative growth, flowering was seen to occur in some parts of the culms within the clump (Fig. 4AD). Species which exhibit this flowering pattern seem to grow continuously and do not die after flowering. (5)Continuously produce flowers without dying. Rarely sets seed. (6) Bamboo species that produced seeds:Schizostachyum brachycladum Laguna; Batangas May 1990 [List of species in Philippines] (7)Propagation: seeds and rhizome cuttings (8)I could not find anything that even resembled a viable seed on the S. brach, but I will be watching the plant closely. (9)Schizostachyum brachycladum; Seed set: No...This specie flowering is an integral part of and terminates the development of each generation of vegetative branches before the next order of vegetative branches fully develop.

(1)http://www.inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_Working_Paper_No10.htm [Accessed 26 Feb 2008] (2)Wong, K. M. 2004. BAMBOO The Amazing Grass Guide toTHE DIVERSITY AND STUDY OF BAMBOOS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (3)http://inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_BR_05.htm [Accessed 26 Feb 2008] (4)Ramanuja Rao, I.V., R. Gnanaharan, C. B. Sastry. 1988. BAMBOOS Current Research: Proceedings of theInternational Bamboo Workshop, Cochin, India from 14-18 November 1988. The Kerala Forest Research Institute, India and International Development Research Centre, Canada (5)http://www.tropicalbamboo.org/subspecies/Schizostachyum/schizostachyum_brachycladum_green.htm [Accessed 27 Feb 2008] (6)http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/572/ch30.htm [Accessed 27 Feb 2008] (7)http://www.carolinabamboogarden.com/component/option,com_gallery2/Itemid,99999999/?g2_itemId=151 [Accessed 27 Feb 2008] (8)http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/bamboo/msg101835356874.html [Accessed 27 Feb 2008] (9)http://www.inbar.int/flowering/view1.asp?id=162 [Accessed 27 Feb 2008]

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Species of the Poaceae are generally wind-pollinated. (1)The reduced flowers are anemophilous…The feathery stigmas are well adapted to catching the wind-borne pollen.

(1)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to the Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)Clumping bamboo that grows in tight clumps and has drooping tips. Sometimes has yellow striped leaves and green streaks on its culms. Clumping bamboo has underground stems that sprout vertical shoots closer than runner type bamboo. Shoots grow slowly outward.

(1)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_26aa.html [Accessed 25 Feb 2008]

6.07

(1)A very beautiful bamboo that is proving very difficult to grow. It is a very fussy bamboo that needs perfect conditions, Warm nights in winter constant moisture and regular feeding, all these things somtimes are still not enough. It starts to seed after 12-18 months and then the plant declines till it looks so bad you are forced to remove it. A good bamboo if you like the challenge.

(1)http://www.bamboodownunder.com.au/?view=retail [Accessed 27 Feb 2008]

7.01

Clumping bamboo with apparently limited seed production.

 

7.02

Ornamental and structural uses (1)erosion control; ornamental

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

Rarely seeds, and not grown with produce.

 

7.04

Grass seeds generally adapted to wind dispersal, but this species is mostly propagated through rhizome divisions.

 

7.05

Possibly if near water source, but rarely sets seed

 

7.06

Grass seeds not fleshy fruited.

7.07

No means of attachment

7.08

No, as seeds are rarely produced and are unlikely to be eaten by animals.

 

8.01

Probably not, as viable seed productions is apparently uncommon (1)attempts should also be made to establish seed stands of bamboo in each of the countries, especially in the Malayan Peninsular zones as some bamboo species (e.g. Schizostachyum brachycladum) of this zone flower frequently. Variation in flowering (sporadic, irregular, gregarious) in the clumps are reported to be the expression of different pedigree and might have evolved naturally. Exploration, collection and centralization of such flowering genotypes of a species will possibly develop a source of frequent or regular seed production. (2)Continuous flowering in a mature clump of Schizostachyum brachycladum is maintained by culms of different ages, the oldest having the main branches flowering and then drying up at their tips, and succeeded by a few generations of side-branches that each repeat the leafing-flowering-rebranching sequence. (3)The flowering behavior of Indonesians bamboo is very unique, i.e. not all species can produce flowers and or when species are in flower in west Indonesia, they are not in flower in east Indonesia or vice versa. Based on experience in the field, only some species of bamboo produce flowers continuously such as Schizostachyum brachycladum, S. latifolium, Bambusa atra. Most of the Indonesian species rarely flower, for eg., Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, Gigan tochloa pseudoarundinacea, and even after flowering they do not produce seeds, except some species such as Nastus elegantissimus, Schizostachyum caudatum, S. gracile, Gigan tohloa apus, which produce seeds continuously. (4)Continuous Flowering In general, bamboos die after flowering. However, it was observed that Schizostachyum brachycladum continuously flowered. In addition to vegetative growth, flowering was seen to occur in some parts of the culms within the clump (Fig. 4AD). Species which exhibit this flowering pattern seem to grow continuously and do not die after flowering. (5)Continuously produce flowers without dying. Rarely sets seed. (6) Bamboo species that produced seeds:Schizostachyum brachycladum Laguna; Batangas May 1990 [List of species in Philippines] (7)Propagation: seeds and rhizome cuttings (8)I could not find anything that even resembled a viable seed on the S. brach, but I will be watching the plant closely. (9)Schizostachyum brachycladum; Seed set: No...This specie flowering is an integral part of and terminates the development of each generation of vegetative branches before the next order of vegetative branches fully develop.

(1)http://www.inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_Working_Paper_No10.htm [Accessed 26 Feb 2008] (2)Wong, K. M. 2004. BAMBOO The Amazing Grass Guide toTHE DIVERSITY AND STUDY OF BAMBOOS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (3)http://inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_BR_05.htm [Accessed 26 Feb 2008] (4)Ramanuja Rao, I.V., R. Gnanaharan, C. B. Sastry. 1988. BAMBOOS Current Research: Proceedings of theInternational Bamboo Workshop, Cochin, India from 14-18 November 1988. The Kerala Forest Research Institute, India and International Development Research Centre, Canada (5)http://www.tropicalbamboo.org/subspecies/Schizostachyum/schizostachyum_brachycladum_green.htm [Accessed 27 Feb 2008] (6)http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/572/ch30.htm [Accessed 27 Feb 2008] (7)http://www.carolinabamboogarden.com/component/option,com_gallery2/Itemid,99999999/?g2_itemId=151 [Accessed 27 Feb 2008] (8)http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/bamboo/msg101835356874.html [Accessed 27 Feb 2008] (9)http://www.inbar.int/flowering/view1.asp?id=162 [Accessed 27 Feb 2008]

8.02

Unlikely, as viable seed production is apparently uncommon. Also see references to Question 6.02. (1)RE: SCHIZOSTACHYUM brachycladum…I don't know if any of the blooms are actually producing any viable seeds. In the past, it never did. (2)This is a flowering bamboo and the plant flowers every year during summer but it never dies neither it has any adverse effect on its health. We have not seen any viable seed at our place.

(1)http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/bamboo/msg102338036572.html [Accessed 27 Feb 2008] (2)

8.03

No information on control.

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown


Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!


[ Return to PIER homepage ] [Risk assessment page]


This page created 26 November 2008