Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Sanchezia speciosa


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 3 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Sanchezia speciosa Leonard, Sanchezia nobilis (golden zebra plant, shrubby white vein)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1) "In Fiji, cultivated in gardens and also abundantly (but locally) naturalized along streams in dense forest at elevations from near sea level to about 200 m"; "An invasive species in Queensland, Australia." [S. nobilis]
(2)"The plant has naturalized in Hawaii, where it's considered an invasive exotic." (3)Naturalized in Jamaica

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sanchezia_nobilis.htm
(2) http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/mld/miamiherald/classifieds/real_estate/7421890.htm (3)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flora of Jamaica, University of the West Indies Press, Mona.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Country of Origin: (only cult.) Ecuador, Peru (2)Sanchezia speciosa is native to northeastern Peru and Equador where it grows in the humid understory of tropical rainforests. (3)Origin: Northern South America (4) Nativerange - Caribbean, Cuba

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500164.html (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm (3)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=sanchezia_speciosa (4)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Sanchezia+speciosa

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA Zones 9 - 11; humid understory of tropical rainforests (2)In Fiji naturalized < 200 m (3)Native range specimens < 700 m (4)Occasional on sheltered banks and sometimes forming thickets near streams 400-2700 feet

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sanchezia_nobilis.htm (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (4)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flora of Jamaica, University of the West Indies Press, Mona.

2.04

(1)Country of Origin: (only cult.) Ecuador, Per (2)Sanchezia speciosa is native to northeastern Peru and Equador where it grows in the humid understory of tropical rainforests. (3)Origin: Northern South America (4)Nativerange - Caribbean, Cuba

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500164.html (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm (3)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=sanchezia_speciosa (4)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Sanchezia+speciosa

2.05

No evidence

3.01

(1) "In Fiji, cultivated in gardens and also abundantly (but locally) naturalized along streams in dense forest at elevations from near sea level to about 200 m"; "An invasive species in Queensland, Australia." [S. nobilis]
(2)"The plant has naturalized in Hawaii, where it's considered an invasive exotic." (3)Naturalized in Jamaica

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sanchezia_nobilis.htm
(2) http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/mld/miamiherald/classifieds/real_estate/7421890.htm (3)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flora of Jamaica, University of the West Indies Press, Mona.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1) S. nobilis is listed as "An invasive species in Queensland, Australia." [No evidence provided; not listed as invasive in Queensland or Australia by Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16:138-171. OR at http://search.weeds.org.au/]
(2) "The plant has naturalized in Hawaii, where it's considered an invasive exotic." [no evidence or description given; probably a misrepresentation of information on the PIER webpage: http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sanchezia_nobilis.htm]

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sanchezia_nobilis.htm
(2) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp.
(3) P.408http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/mld/miamiherald/classifieds/real_estate/7421890.htm

3.05

Sanchezia (Sanchezia parvibracteata) is a South American shrub with dark green yellow-veined leaves and clusters of yellow trumpet-shaped flowers. Broken fragments of sanchezia can take root and thrive, producing dense thickets along river banks.

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:h1wkegao9WEJ:www.wettropics.gov.au/
mwha/mwha_weeds.html+%22It+is+a+highly+invasive+plant,+producing+
huge+numbers+of+wind+dispersed+seeds+which+seem+to+thrive%22&hl=en

4.01

No evidence

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. P.408

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No evidence

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not -1)Evergreen shrub to 9 feet tall (2.7 m) (2)Sanchezia speciosa is native to northeastern Peru and Equador where it grows in the humid understory of tropical rainforests.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Sanchezia_speciosa.html (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Full sun to light shade (light shade in Phoenix) (2)Light: Light, dappled shade. Sanchezia does not tolerate full sunlight at midday, but it needs bright indirect light to develop its best variegated foliage.(3)Partial shade

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Sanchezia_speciosa.html (2) http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm (3)http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/mld/miamiherald/classifieds/real_estate/7421890.htm

4.1

(1) Sanchezia needs a lot of water. Keep the soil moderately moist and use soft water, preferably rainwater. Reduce water in winter.
(2) "Light, sandy, moist but well-drained soil in partially shade are prefered." (3)fertile, well-drained soil. (4)Sanchezia needs a soil that is fast to drain [consistent descriptions]

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm (2) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.409 (3)http://www.grapheus.com/Plants/Plants-Sanchezia.htm (4)http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/living/home/7421890.htm?1c

4.11

Not a climber -a shrub.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Sanchezia_speciosa.html (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm

4.12

"Forms thickets in moist areas." [S. nobilis]

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sanchezia_nobilis.htm

5.01

(1)Evergreen shrub to 9 feet tall (2.7 m) (2)Sanchezia is a 6-8' semiwoody evergreen shrub with smooth bright green or purple stems, large variegated leaves and colorful flowers.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Sanchezia_speciosa.html (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm

5.02

Acanthaceae

5.03

Acanthaceae

5.04

Acanthaceae

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Sold only as cuttings [could not find evidence of seed production in cultivated plants]

http://www.nrg.com.au/~recher/seedlist.html

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

This species is from tropical America and clearly is hummingbird pollinated based on the yellow, curved flowers. Like other hummingbird pollinated species, there are mites that live in the nectar rich flowers that will quickly jump onto bird beaks when penetrating the flowers and then get carried to flowers of other species.

http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_422/GreenhTour103.html

6.06

(1) Propagation: Easy by cuttings
(2) Propagation: Vegetatively
(3) Table 2. dispersal syndrome: vegetative propagation

(1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Sanchezia_speciosa.html
(2) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sanchezia_nobilis.htm
(3) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op65.pdf

6.07

Don’t know [vegetative propagation]

7.01

Broken fragments of sanchezia can take root and thrive [garden waste]

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:h1wkegao9WEJ:www.wettropics.gov.au/
mwha/mwha_weeds.html+%22It+is+a+highly+invasive+plant,+producing+
huge+numbers+of+wind+dispersed+seeds+which+seem+to+thrive%22&hl=en

7.02

'In tropical climates, sanchezia is cultivated in shrub borders and hedges for its foliage and flowers. In zone 9 it is an attractive foliage plant. Sanchezia is also grown as a houseplant for its beautiful foliage, but requires a high humidity. If you want to grow it as a houseplant, stand the pot on a bed of pebbles in a tray of water and mist the leaves frequently. '

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Sanchezia+speciosa

7.03

No products

7.04

The seed stalk or funiculus of each seed is modified into a hook shaped jaculator or retinaculum that functions in flinging out the seeds during dehiscence. [Acanthaceae: ejected but no specific adaptations for wind]

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/acanth.htm

7.05

naturalized along streams[seeds or fragments may be water disperesed]

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sanchezia_nobilis.htm

7.06

" Fruit a narrowly cylindrical capsule, infrequently formed in cultivation" [dry fruit]

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.409

7.07

No means of attachment

7.08

No evidence that it is consumed

8.01

" Fruit a narrowly cylindrical capsule, infrequently formed in cultivation"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.409

8.02

[vegetative propagation]

8.03

No evidence of being controlled for.

8.04

(1)Plants will die to the ground following a freeze, but can be expected to come back in spring, although they may not bloom. (2)Sanchezia may be frozen back, but resprouts from roots.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sanc_spe.cfm (2)http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/living/home/7421890.htm?1c

8.05

Don’t know


Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!


[ Return to PIER homepage ] [Risk assessment page]


This page new 14 February 2005