Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Rubus niveus


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 19


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments

Rubus niveus Thunb. Family -Rosaceae Common Names(s) - Ceylon raspberry, frambuesa, Mysore raspberry Synonym(s) - Rubus albescens, Rubus foliolosus, Rubus horsfieldii, Rubus lasiocarpus, Rubus micranthus, Rubus pedunculosus

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

19

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

 

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: Afghanistan; China; Bhutan; India; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32396 [Cited 2009 September 18].

2.02

(1) Native to: Afghanistan; China; Bhutan; India; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32396 [Cited 2009 September 18].

2.03

(1) On Maui, this species is widespread in disturbed areas, 500-4,200 ft (152-1,280 m) elevation. (2) The climate range in Asia is from 450 m to 3,000 m.

(1) http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/rubus_niveus_f_a.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18]. (2) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mysore_raspberry.html [Cited 2009 September 18].

2.04

(1) Native to: Afghanistan; China; Bhutan; India; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines. Naturalized in tropical Africa, tropical America and Hawaii.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32396 [Cited 2009 September 18].

2.05

(1) Widely cultivated.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32396 [Cited 2009 September 18].

3.01

(1) Naturalized in tropical Africa, tropical America and Hawaii.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32396 [Cited 2009 September 18].

3.02

(1) Invades disturbed sites.

(1) Weber, E., 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Zurich. [Cited 2009 September 18].

3.03

(1) Listed as a weed in Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas. An Identification and Management Guide. The environmental impact is: smothers small plants and impedes passage. Agricultural impacts are not mentioned.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/WeedsHI/W_Rubus_niveus.pdf [Cited 2009 September 21].

3.04

(1) Rubus niveus is invasive in the Galapagos Islands, where it alters native ecosystems.

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/species/reference_files/psigua/Soria.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18].

3.05

(1) Rubus rosifolius is invasive in Tanzania, Hawaii, French Polynesia and Swaziland. (2) Rubus phoenicolasius is invasive

(1) http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Rubus%20rosifolius.htm [Cited 2009 September 18]. (2) http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/ruph1.htm

4.01

(1) Shrubs; stems up to 20 dm long, tomentulose when young or glabrous and glaucous, covered with stout, hooked prickles 3-7 mm long, their bases usually longitudinally elongated, bark of older stems not shredding. Leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 5-9,elliptic-ovate to elliptic, 2.5-6 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, the terminal one often broadly ovate, +- lobed on 1 side, and up to 5 cm wide, upper surface glabrous, lower surface densely white tomentose, margins serrate, petiolules 0-0.1 cm long, petioles and rachis usually with curved prickles. Flowers in short, terminal, cymose panicles, densely tomentose and with scattered prickles,

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

Unknown (1) The fruits are consumed by birds, rodents and tortoises.

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1232&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN [Cited 2009 September 21].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 21]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 September 21].

4.06

(1) "The 2-spotted mite, Tetranychus bimaculatus, congregates on the underside of the leaves of shade-grown seedlings, turning them yellow. Occasionally, flower buds and fruits are attacked by the green stink bug, Nezara viridula, also called pumpkin or squash bug. Anthracnose (Elsinoe veneta) causes spotting and scabbing of the canes toward the end of the fruiting season." (2) Nezara viridula is a major pest of Macadamia in Hawaii.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mysore_raspberry.html [Cited 2009 September 18] (2) .http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=237899

4.07

(1) No evidence of toxicity or allergic reactions in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity or allergic reactions in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 21]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 September 21].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Prefers some shade. (2) Full sun.

(1) http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Rubus%20niveus.htm [Cited 2009 September 18]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/32049/ [Cited 2009 September 21].

4.10

(1) In Florida, the plant flourishes on limestone or acid sand. In Puerto Rico it is grown on lateritic Alonso clay with a pH of 5.0. Good drainage is essential.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mysore_raspberry.html [Cited 2009 September 18].

4.11

(1) Rubus niveus creates dense thickets on Maui.

(1) http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/rubus_niveus_f_a.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18].

4.12

(1) Rubus niveus creates dense thickets on Maui. (2) Rubus niveus forms dense, impenetrable, thorny thickets which may take over forest, shrubland, and areas of open vegetation.

(1) http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/rubus_niveus_f_a.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18]. (2) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1232&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN [Cited 2009 September 21].

5.01

(1) Shrubs; terrestrial

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Rosaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32396 [Cited 2009 September 18].

5.03

(1) Not a nitrogen fixer.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Cited 2009 September 18]

5.04

(1) Shrubs; terrestrial

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) The Mysore raspberry is often grown from seed but germination is slow and irregular (from 3 weeks to several months).

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mysore_raspberry.html [Cited 2009 September 18].

6.03

Unknown, however (1) Rubus is a large and variable genus. "Many of the species are tetraploid, but diploids, triploids, pentaploids, and hexaploids are also known. Many of the species arose during the Pleistocene as a result of apomixis and hybridization. Apomixis is often only faculative and new biotypes can often arise via hybridization."

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.04

(1) Rubus niveus is most effectively pollinated by insects, but is also capable of self pollination.

(1) http://www.darwinfoundation.org/english/_upload/botany1997-2003.pdf [2009 September 21].

6.05

(1) Rubus niveus is pollinated by insects.

(1) http://www.darwinfoundation.org/english/_upload/botany1997-2003.pdf [2009 September 21].

6.06

(1) Rubus niveus reproduces by seed and vegetatively. (2) The plant spreads when the tips of its long canes bend down to the ground and root.

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1232&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN [Cited 2009 September 18]. (2) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/12fruits.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18].

6.07

(1) Rubus niveus can fruit and flower within 3 to 6 months following germination

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1232&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN [Cited 2009 September 18].

7.01

Unlikely to be dispersed unintentionally.

 

7.02

(1) Widely cultivated.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32396 [Cited 2009 September 18].

7.03

Unlikely to spread as a produce contaminant

 

7.04

(1) Rubus niveus is spread by birds and mammals.

(1) http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/rubus_niveus_f_a.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18].

7.05

(1) Rubus niveus is spread by birds and mammals.

(1) http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/rubus_niveus_f_a.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18].

7.06

(1) Rubus niveus is spread by birds and mammals.

(1) http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/rubus_niveus_f_a.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18].

7.07

(1) "Fruit dark red, becoming black, subglobose, ca. 1 cm long, white tomentulose."

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.08

(1) Rubus niveus is spread by birds and mammals,

(1) http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/rubus_niveus_f_a.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18].

8.01

(1) A single plant may yield 2,400 to 3,000 fruits over a 4-month period. (2) Rubus niveus reproduces sexually through the production of thousands of seeds per bush per year. (3) Soil seed banks can be very dense, 25000 seeds per square metre has been reported. Some seeds are able to survive in the soil for 28 months. (4) In the month of November 1999, (Galapagos Islands), an average of 20,000 seeds per square meter were produced by a dense infestation.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mysore_raspberry.html [Cited 2009 September 18]. (2) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1232&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN [Cited 2009 September 18]. (3) http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Rubus%20niveus.htm (4) http://www.darwinfoundation.org/english/_upload/botany1997-2003.pdf [Cited 2009 September 21].

8.02

(1) Mechanical management of the species is difficult due to its growth form and persistent seedbank, but chemical methods have been developed and biological means of management are being explored. (2) Some seeds are able to survive in the soil for 28 months. (3) "The soil seed bank can have 1000–5000 seeds per square meter, which can remain viable for many years. Of seeds buried for 7 months, 46% were still viable. Some have survived for more than two years and maximum longevity is still unknown. Dormancy is broken by seed coat damage, during burial or by hydrochloric acid (as found in the stomachs of birds). Under the right conditions of light and water, germination is surprisingly high. In one experiment, a plot was cleared to increase light level and 3,800 seeds germinated per square meter in one month."

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1232&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN [Cited 2009 September 18]. (2) http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Rubus%20niveus.htm (3) http://www.darwinfoundation.org/english/_upload/botany1997-2003.pdf [Cited 2009 September 21].

8.03

Unknown (1) Motooka et al. (2003) found triclopyr ester in a crop oil carrier (either as drizzle applications at 1 lb./acre or as very low volume basal bark applications at a 15% concentration) to be successful in the management of R. niveus. They note that the species is supposedly resistant to triclopyr ester when water is the carrier. Applications of a 2% Roundup solution are suggested by the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands (Renteria et al., 2006). More recently solutions of picloram have been found to be more persistent.

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1232&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN [Cited 2009 September 18].

8.04

(1) Difficult to control. The plant will resprout.

(1) http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/rubus_niveus_f_a.pdf [Cited 2009 September 18].

8.05

Unknown


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