Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Roystonea regia


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 0


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Roystonea regia; Florida royal palm

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

5

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1)Svenning, J. C. (2002) Non-native ornamental palms invade a secondary tropical forest in Panama. Palms, 2002, Vol.46, No.2, pp.81-86, 11 ref. (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG209

(1) This paper describes the massive invasion of non-native ornamental palms (e.g., Aiphanes aculeata, Areca triandra, Bentinckia nicobarica, Dypsis madagascariensis, Livistona saribus, Ptychosperma macarthurii, Roystonea oleracea and R. regia ) in the Gamboa tropical secondary forest in Panama, which seem likely to become an abundant long term part of the existing vegetation. (2)Commonly escapes into hammocks from landscape trees

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32237 (03 October 2002)
Send your comments to: Dr. J. H. Wiersema.

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico - Veracruz; United States - Florida [s.]
Southern America: Bahamas - Inagua; Belize; Cayman Islands - Grand Cayman; Cuba; Honduras - Atlantida, Cortes; Mexico - Campeche, Tabasco, Yucatan
Other: cult. elsewhere

2.02

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32237 (03 October 2002)
Send your comments to: Dr. J. H. Wiersema.

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico - Veracruz; United States - Florida [s.]
Southern America: Bahamas - Inagua; Belize; Cayman Islands - Grand Cayman; Cuba; Honduras - Atlantida, Cortes; Mexico - Campeche, Tabasco, Yucatan
Other: cult. elsewhere

2.03

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/ROYSPPA.pdf

USDA hardiness zones: 10 through 11

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32237 (03 October 2002)
Send your comments to: Dr. J. H. Wiersema.

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico - Veracruz; United States - Florida [s.]
Southern America: Bahamas - Inagua; Belize; Cayman Islands - Grand Cayman; Cuba; Honduras - Atlantida, Cortes; Mexico - Campeche, Tabasco, Yucatan
Other: cult. elsewhere

2.05

(1) Su, MingChou (2001) The investigation and analysis of woody plants in campus of high schools at Pingtung City, Southern Taiwan. Journal of the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University, 2001, Vol.15, No.4, pp.273-289, 41 ref.
(2) Rao, P. S. N.; Vinod Maina; Sinha, B. K.; Padhye, P. M.; Marcel Tigga (1996) Some hitherto unrecorded non-indigenous tree species from Andaman & Nicobar islands. Indian Journal of Forestry, 1996, Vol.19, No.2, pp.191-193
(3) Jim, C. Y. (1991) Diversity of amenity-tree species in Hong Kong. Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 1991, Vol.85, No.4, pp.233-243, 9 ref.
(4) Perera, P. A. C. R. (1982) Coconut pests in Sri Lanka -- the coconut leaf-miner. Planter, 1982, Vol.58, No.673, pp.157-162, 2 ref.

(1) Taiwan, (2) India, (3)Hong Kong, (4) Sri Lanka

3.01

(1)Svenning, J. C. (2002) Non-native ornamental palms invade a secondary tropical forest in Panama. Palms, 2002, Vol.46, No.2, pp.81-86, 11 ref. (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG209

(1) This paper describes the massive invasion of non-native ornamental palms (e.g., Aiphanes aculeata, Areca triandra, Bentinckia nicobarica, Dypsis madagascariensis, Livistona saribus, Ptychosperma macarthurii, Roystonea oleracea and R. regia ) in the Gamboa tropical secondary forest in Panama, which seem likely to become an abundant long term part of the existing vegetation. (2)Commonly escapes into hammocks from landscape trees

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/ROYSPPA.pdf

Invasive potential: little, if any, potential at this time

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p400.

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

(1) Ly, J.; Santana, I.; Macias, M. (2000) Studies on the digestibility of royal palm nut in Cuban Creole pigs. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 2000, Vol.34, No.4, pp.315-322, 37 ref.
(2) Perera, P. A. C. R. (1982) Coconut pests in Sri Lanka -- the coconut leaf-miner. Planter, 1982, Vol.58, No.673, pp.157-162, 2 ref.

(1) AB: Sixteen pigs of two genotypes (CC21, improved and Cuban Creole) were used to determine the nutritive value of sun-dried and ground royal palm nut meal (fruit of the royal palm, Roystonea regia , B.H.K. Cook). Consumption level was of 0.1 kg DM/kg metabolic weight (LW0.75) at a range of 45 to 60 kg and a basal diet of soyabean meal and wheat meal partially substituted by 20% royal palm nut (N 1.07, crude fibre 30.4, NDF 58.5, ether extract 23.1% in dry basis). No significant effect of interaction or genotype on organic matter digestibility and N were found. Creole pigs tended (P < 0.10) to retain less N than those improved. A significant effect of genotype (P < 0.01) was found in favour of Creole pigs on the digestibility of ether extract. The effect of the diet was significant (P < 0.001) on organic matter digestibility and N. The organic matter digestibility and N of the royal palm nut calculated by difference was 58.5 and 25.0%. The value of digestible energy was 14.14 KJ/g DM for royal palm nut. I

4.06

Dookun, A.; Stead, D. E.; Autrey, L. J. C. (2000) Variation among strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vasculorum from Mauritius and other countries based on fatty acid analysis. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 2000, Vol.23, No.1, pp.148-155, 17 ref.

AB: Fatty acid profiling was used to study variation amongst strains of Xanthomonas campestris [X. axonopodis ] pv. vasculorum (Xcv ). They could be divided into five groups using cellular fatty acid profiles. Group A strains represent a new and little known taxon, and all came from plants of broom bamboo (Thysanolaena maxima ) from Mauritius. Group B strains included the Xcv pathotype reference strain, and were from palms, broom bamboo and sugarcane from Mauritius, Réunion and Australia. Group C contained southern African and Malagasy strains from sugarcane and maize, together with X. campestris pv. holcicola strain. No Mascarene strains fell into this group. Group D strains isolated from sugarcane, maize and royal palm (Roystonea regia ) were from Mauritius and Réunion, the earliest known strains coming from Réunion. These groups represented in the Mascarene Islands possibly belong to three different Xanthomonas species. A further Group E comprised one Xcv strain (NCPPB 182) from Puerto Rico, one X. vasico

4.07

Prakashkumar, R.; Mathew, P. M.; Ravindran, P. (1998) Studies on the allergenicity of nine tropical pollen allergens. Grana, 1998, Vol.37, No.3, pp.185-188, 22 ref.

AB: Allergy evaluation studies using the antigens of nine commonly occurring airborne pollen grains in the state of Kerala, India were undertaken. This included the pollen grains of Areca catechu , Casuarina equisetifolia , Elaeis guineensis , Heteropogon contortus (a grass), Oreodoxa regia , Peltophorum ferrugineum , Phoenix dactylifera , Spathodea campanulata and Swietenia mahagoni . Five hundred patients having respiratory complaints were selected for the study using these tropical pollen grains. Results were analysed in terms of age, sex, clinical history, family history and locality of the patients. The O. regia antigen registered the maximum significant positivity followed by H. contortus , C. equisetifolia and Peltophorum ferrugineum . Age and family history of the patient had no direct influence on positivity, but nature of the allergy, sex, phenological period and locality of the patient had a direct influence on hypersensitivity reactions. Similarly, a very high positive correlation between Skin Te

4.08

single trunked palm

4.09

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.127 (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/ROYSPPA.pdf (3)http://www.floridata.com/ref/R/roys_spp.cfm

(1)"Culture: Full sun, fertile organic soils." (2)tree grows in part shade/part sun; tree grows in full sun (3)High light requirements. Likes bright sunny conditions.

4.1

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.127 (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/ROYSPPA.pdf

(1)"Culture: Full sun, fertile organic soils." (2clay; loam; sand; slightly alkaline; acidic; occasionally wet; well-drained

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p400.

"palm to 25m high"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

Arecaceae, palm

5.03

Basu, P. S.; Ghosh, A. C.; Dangar, T. K. (1997) Roystonea regia , a monocotyledonous tree, bears rhizobial root nodules. Folia Microbiologica, 1997, Vol.42, No.6, pp.601-606, 12 ref.

AB: The first instance of a monocotyledonous tree, Roystonea regia (royal palm), bearing root nodules is reported from West Bengal, India. The nodules are formed by a Gram-negative bacterium which was tentatively identified as Rhizobium sp. The nodules are formed on younger roots of the tree mostly in the rainy season. Mature nodules are oval to cylindrical in shape, unbranched and loosely attached to the roots which can fix nitrogen.

5.04

palm

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Rodriguez Bozan, J. (1979) Some aspects of the phenology of the royal palm (Roystonea regia). [FT: Algunos datos fenologicos sobre la palma real (Roystonea regia O. F. Cook.).] Centro Agricola, Revista Cientifica de la Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, 1979, Vol.6, No.2, pp.15-20, 1 ref.

AB: " The royal palms studied germinated on average 75 days after seed sowing, developed 27 leaves in 5 years, and the first ring, which corresponded to the thirteenth leaf, formed 732 days after germination."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Kiew, R.; Muid, M. (1989) Bees and palms in Peninsular Malaysia. Principes, 1989, Vol.33, No.2, pp.74-77

AB: The following palms are known to be foraged on by Apis cerana : coconut, sago (Metroxylon sagu ), Manila palm (Veitchia merrillii ), MacArthur palm (Ptychosperma macarthuri ), betel nut (Areca catechu ), royal palm (Roystonea regia ), sugar palm (Arenga pinnata ), princess palm (Dictyosperma album ), Arenga westerhoutii, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis ). Apis dorsata and Trigona species also forage on a wide range of palms.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Rodriguez Bozan, J. (1979) Some aspects of the phenology of the royal palm (Roystonea regia).[FT: Algunos datos fenologicos sobre la palma real (Roystonea regia O. F. Cook.).] Centro Agricola, Revista Cientifica de la Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, 1979, Vol.6, No.2, pp.15-20, 1 ref.

AB: The royal palms studied germinated on average 75 days after seed sowing, developed 27 leaves in 5 years, and the first ring, which corresponded to the thirteenth leaf, formed 732 days after germination. Data is also included on individual leaf lifetimes, the time between the physiological death of the leaf and leaf fall, and the distances between rings formed. [plants had not flowered after 5 years]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Svenning, J. C. (2002) Non-native ornamental palms invade a secondary tropical forest in Panama. Palms, 2002, Vol.46, No.2, pp.81-86, 11 ref.

oramental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p400. (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/ROYSPPA.pdf (3)http://www.irf.org/binornat.htm

(1)"Fruit a dull red to purple subglobose drupe 8-13 mm long." (2)Fruit covering: fleshy

Fruit color: black; purple (3)fruit consumed by pigeons (Columba inornata)

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird dispersed

8.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p400.

drupe 8-13 mm long [not likely since many seeds on inflorescence drop/abort prior to maturation]

8.02

(1) Toaima, N.; Mansour, B.; Bosela, H.; El-Ghazali, I. (1993) Effect of some environmental conditions, some chemical (including growth regulators) and mechanical treatments on germination of some difficult to germinate ornamental tree seeds. editor: Côme, D.; Corbineau, F., Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Seeds: basic and applied aspects of seed biology, Angers, France, 20-24 July, 1992. Volume 2., 1993, pp.429-435, 6 ref.
(2) Ellis, R. H.; Hong, T. D.; Roberts, E. H.; Soetisna, U. (1991) Seed storage behaviour in Elaeis guineensis. Seed Science Research, 1991, Vol.1, No.2, pp.99-104, 24 ref.

(1) AB: In a trial to improve seed germination of some ornamental trees, some pre-sowing treatments were examined. The most effective treatment for Enterolobium cyclocarpum was scarification + soaking in 800 p.p.m. GA3 for 48 h, for Poinciana regia [Delonix regia ] scarification + soaking in 400 p.p.m. GA3 for 48 h, for Washingtonia filifera soaking in 10% H2SO4 for 10 min then in 200 p.p.m. GA3 for 48 h, for Oreodoxa regia soaking in 400 p.p.m. GA3 for 48 h, for Phoenix canariensis scarification + soaking in 400 p.p.m. GA3 for 48 h and for Sabal texana soaking in 10% H2SO4 for 10 min then in 400 p.p.m. GA3.
(2) AB: Seed viability was maintained in 4 oil palm cultivars during 12 months of hermetic storage at 15 deg C with 10-12% moisture content (embryo moisture contents of 19-21%). The viability of both these and drier seeds was reduced greatly during this period at cooler storage temperatures of 0 deg and -20 deg , however. For example, intact seeds at 6.1-7.4% moisture content (embryo moisture contents

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG209

chainsaw mature trees down near the base. [kils plant]

8.05

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/ROYSPPA.pdf

Ganoderma butt rot is the most serious problem on Royal Palms. It kills trees which it infects.


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